Applications and Wind Industry - Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment - page 211

TABLE 10.8
Livestock Water Requirement

Animal Liter/Day

Cattle, beef 40-50

Cattle, dairy 60-75

Camels 40-90

Sheep and goats 8-10

Swine 10-20

Horses 40-50

Chickens (100) 8-15

Turkeys (100) 15-25

Evaporation 800-1,200

3. Hydraulic power: volume times dynamic head
4. Wind resource
5. Comparison of other power sources
6. Design considerations

The design process has other considerations in the final analysis: economics, operation and mainte-
nance, institutional issues, equipment life, and future demand (addition or expansion of the system).
The average daily demand (m 3 daily is estimated for the month of high demand or the wind
design month (month with lowest average wind speed). Also, the demand must take into account any
growth during the design period, which should be at least 10 years. The water demand for livestock
can be up to 90 L/day (Table 10.8). Evaporation from an open storage tank, especially in windy and
dry areas, will require even more water. Also, animals will only travel a limited distance from the
water source, so there needs to be one water source per 250 ha to harvest grassland. If the water
supply and grassland are communal, then there is the distinct possibility that the growth in the size
of the herds will result in overgrazing, especially close to the water supply.
The domestic water depends on number of people, usage, and type of service (Table 10.9). What
is considered necessary in some countries or regions would be considered a luxury in others. In addi-
tion, people will consume more water during hot, dry periods. Local water consumption is the best
guide; however, remember that usage per person will probably increase if water availability improves.
Village water supply includes clinics, stores, schools, and other institutions. Growth in demand will
depend primarily on water availability, growth in size of herds or flocks, and growth in population for
villages. Again, the growth in population should be estimated from present local trends.
Water demand for irrigation (low or high volume) will depend on local conditions, season, crops,
and evapotranspiration. These data are generally available from regional or national government
agricultural agencies.

TABLE 10.9
Typical Water Consumption per Person

Service Liter/Day

Stand post 40

Yard tap 75

Home connection 100

U.S. farm residence 125