Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 4.1: Temperature increase with time on stream to offset catalyst deactivation.
the fixed-bed reactor, this ratio may change between the inlet and outlet of the reactor. The
situation becomes even more complex in multilayer and/or multistage catalytic systems.
For the asphaltenes and metals containing feeds, the catalyst deactivation by coke and metals
occur simultaneously. For HDM catalysts, some reports suggest that more than 50% of catalyst
Figure 4.2: Effect of temperature and hydrogen pressure on deposition of carbon and vanadium
on catalyst as well as on catalyst surface area [From ref.
143
. Reprinted with permission].
