Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 3.10: Simplified features of catalytic reactors for upgrading heavy feeds [From ref. 120 .
Reprinted with permission].
Simplified schematics of the catalytic reactors, which have been used commercially, are
shown in Fig. 3.10 , whereas the typical operating ranges of these reactors are summarized in
Table 3.3 [120] . The features of these reactors indicate the importance of the proper selection
of catalysts, the size and shape of the catalyst particles in particular, to ensure an efficient and
continuous operation. In addition, the properties of feeds must be taken into consideration to
achieve the optimal matching of catalysts with reactor.
Table 3.3: Operating conditions during hydroprocessing of heavy feeds in different reactors [From
ref. 120 . Reprinted with permission].
Fixed-bed
Swing
fixed-bed
Moving-bed Ebullated-bed
Slurry
bed
V + Ni maximum (ppm)
120
500
700
> 700
> 700
Pressure (MPa)
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-30
Temperature (K)
655-693
655-693
655-693
655-713
693-753
LHSV (h 1 )
0.1-0.5
0.1-0.5
0.1-0.5
0.2-1
0.2-1
Maximum conversion to
550 C
50-70
60-70
60-70
70-80
80-95
Cycle length (month)
6-12
12
CO
CO
CO
Catalyst particles size
(mm)
1.2
3
1.2
3
1.2
3
0.8
3
0.002
×
×
×
×
RCC
1
1
0.55-0.70
1.4-2
CO: continuous operation; RCC: relative catalyst consumption for the same feed for one year; LHSV: Liquid hourly space
velocity.
 
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