Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Appendix B
Parameters of Atoms and Ions
Ta b l e B . 1
Ionization potential (
J
) of atoms in the ground state.
Atom
J
,eV
Atom
J
,eV
Atom
J
,eV
Atom
J
,eV
H(
2
S
1/2
)
K(
2
S
1/2
)
Rb(
2
S
1/2
)
Cs(
2
S
1/2
)
13.598
4.341
4.177
3.894
He(
1
S
0
)
Ca(
1
S
0
)
Sr(
1
S
0
)
Ba(
1
S
0
)
24.586
6.113
5.695
5.212
Li(
2
S
1/2
)
Sc(
2
D
3/2
)
Y(
2
D
3/2
)
La(
2
D
3/2
)
5.392
6.562
6.217
5.577
Be(
1
S
0
)
Ti(
3
F
2
)
Zr(
3
F
2
)
Ce(
1
G
4
)
9.323
6.82
6.837
5.539
B(
2
P
1/2
)
V(
4
F
3/2
)
6.74 b(
6
D
1/2
)
6.88 a(
4
F
3/2
)
8.298
7.89
C(
3
P
0
)
Cr(
7
S
3
)
6.766 Mo(
7
S
3
)
7.099 W(
5
D
0
)
11.260
7.98
N(
4
S
3/2
)
14.534 Mn(
6
S
5/2
)
Tc(
6
S
5/2
)
7.28 e(
6
S
5/2
)
7.434
7.88
O(
3
P
2
)
Fe(
5
D
4
)
Ru(
5
F
5
)
Os(
5
D
4
)
13.618
7.902
7.366
8.73
F(
2
P
3/2
)
Co(
4
F
9/2
)
7.86 h(
4
F
9/2
)
Ir(
4
F
9/2
)
17.423
7.46
9.05
Ne(
1
S
0
)
Ni(
3
F
4
)
Pd(
1
S
0
)
Pt(
3
D
3
)
21.565
7.637
8.336
8.96
Na(
2
S
1/2
)
Cu(
2
S
1/2
)
Ag(
2
S
1/2
)
Au(
2
S
1/2
)
5.139
7.726
7.576
9.226
Mg(
1
S
0
)
Zn(
1
S
0
)
Cd(
1
S
0
)
8.994 Hg(
1
S
0
)
7.646
9.394
10.438
Al(
2
P
1/2
)
Ga(
2
P
1/2
)
In(
2
P
1/2
)
Tl(
2
P
1/2
)
5.986
5.999
5.786
6.108
Si(
3
P
0
)
Ge(
3
P
0
)
Sn(
3
P
0
)
Pb(
3
P
0
)
8.152
7.900
7.344
7.417
P(
4
S
3/2
)
As(
4
S
3/2
)
Sb(
4
S
3/2
)
Bi(
4
S
3/2
)
10.487
9.789
8.609
7.286
S(
3
P
2
)
Se(
3
P
2
)
Te(
3
P
2
)
Rn(
1
S
0
)
10.360
9.752
9.010
10.75
Cl(
2
P
3/2
)
Br(
2
P
3/2
)
I(
2
P
3/2
)
Ra(
1
S
0
)
12.968
11.814
10.451
5.278
Ar(
1
S
0
)
Kr(
1
S
0
)
Xe(
1
S
0
)
U(
5
L
6
)
15.760
14.000
12.130
6.194
