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The Jetsons. (1992). Cogswell's caper! [Computer
game]. Vancouver, Canada: Taito Corporation.
Yamada, M. (2009, September). Can music
change the success rate in a slot-machine game?
Paper presented at the Western Pacific Acoustics
Conference , Bejing, China.
Toneatto, T., Blitz-Miller, T., Calderwood,
K., Dragonetti, R., & Tsanos, A. (1997).
Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling.
Journal of Gambling Studies , 13 , 253-261.
doi:10.1023/A:1024983300428
You don't know jack [Computer game]. (1995).
Berkeley Systems/Jellyvision (Developer).
Fresno, CA: Sierra On-Line.
Too human [Computer game]. (2008). Silicon
Knights (Developer). United States: Microsoft
Game Studios.
KEY tErMs AND DEFINItIONs
Traxel, W., & Wrede, G. (1959). Changes in physi-
ological skin responses as affected by musical
selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology ,
16 , 57-61.
Acoustic Frustration: The use of sound to
antagonize a player, creating a short-term sense
of frustration that, it has been suggested, prolongs
the play period.
Electronic Gambling Machines: EGMs, also
known as slot machines, video slots, or video fruit
machines are digital, electronic slot machines.
They tend to be much faster than electric or me-
chanical slots, with an increased number of play
options and bonuses.
Galvanic Skin Response: GSR: one compo-
nent of electrodermal response, also known as
skin conductance response or sweat response, is
an affordable and efficient measurement of simple
changes in arousal levels—one of the reasons why
it is the main component of a polygraph device.
Essentially, GSR measures the electrical conduc-
tivity of the skin, which changes in resistance due
to psychological states.
Losses Disguised as Wins: A play in which
the player “wins” but receives a payout amount
of money less than that of the amount wagered,
hence actually losing on the wager despite being
convinced (sonically) that they have, in fact, won.
Near Miss: A failure that was close to a win—
such as two matching icons arriving on the payline
followed by a third reel whose icon sits just off
the pay-line. Slot machine manufacturers use this
concept to create a statistically unrealistically high
number of near misses (Harrigan 2009), which
convinces the player that they are close to win-
Tsukahara, N. (2002). Game machine with random
sound effects. U.S. Patent No. 6,416,411 B1. Wash-
ington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Turner, N., & Horbay, R. (2004). How do slot
machines and other electronic gambling machines
actually work? Journal of Gambling Issues, 11 .
Westermann, C. F. (2008). Sound branding and
corporate voice: Strategic brand management
using sound. Usability of speech dialog systems:
Listening to the target audience . Berlin: Springer-
Verlag.
(1990). Wing commander [Computer game].
Austin, TX: Origin Systems.
Wolfson, S., & Case, G. (2000). The effects of
sound and colour on responses to a computer
game. Interacting with Computers , 13 , 183-192.
doi:10.1016/S0953-5438(00)00037-0
Yalch, R. F., & Spangenberg, E. R. (2000). The
effects of music in a retail setting on real and
perceived shopping times. Journal of Business
Research , 49 , 139-147. doi:10.1016/S0148-
2963(99)00003-X
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