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physiological and behavioural reaction, for
example a facial expression as Ekman (1992;
Ekman & Friesen, 1978) found after studying
hundreds of pictures of human faces with
emotional expressions
2.
Emotions can be classified by means
of a dimensional model
. Dimensional
models have a long history in psychology
(Schlosberg, 1952; Wundt, 1896) and are
especially popular in psychophysiological
research. Wundt (1896) was one of the first
to classify “simple feelings” into a three-
dimensional model, which consisted of the
three fundamental axes of pleasure-dis-
pleasure (
Lust
-
Unlust
), arousal-composure
(
Erregung
-
Beruhigung
), and tension-reso-
lution (
Spannung
-
Lösung
). A more modern
approach and currently the most popular
dimensional model was suggested by Russell
(1980). His circumplex model (see Figure
1) assumes the possible classification of
emotional responses in a circular order on a
plane spanned by two axes, emotional affect
and arousal. The mapping of emotions to the
two dimensions of valence and arousal has
been used in numerous studies (Lang, 1995;
Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005; Watson
& Tellegen, 1985; Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, &
Tellegen, 1999) including studies of digital
Figure 1. The two-dimensional circumplex emotional model based on Russell (1980)
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