Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
7.5 Summary and conclusions
Book of Standards. Volume 11.05
. West Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania: ASTM.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
(2008b) Standard guide for determination of the bioac-
cumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by
benthic invertebrates. E1688-00(2007). In
ASTM. 2008.
Annual Book of Standards. Volume 11.05
. West
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: ASTM.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
(2008c). Standard test method for measuring the toxicity
of sediment-associated contaminants with estuarine and
marine invertebrates. E1367-03(2008). In
ASTM. 2008.
Annual Book of Standards. Volume 11.05
. West
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: ASTM.
Canfi eld, T. J., Kemble, N. E., Brumbaugh, W. G., Dwyer,
F. J., Ingersoll, C. G. & Fairchild, J. F. (1994) Use of
benthic invertebrate community structure and the sedi-
ment quality triad to evaluate metal-contaminated sedi-
ment in the upper Clark Fork River, MT.
Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry
,
13
, 1999-2012.
Canfi eld, T. J., Dwyer, F. J., Fairchild, J. F.,
et al.
(1996)
Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using
benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment
quality triad approach.
Journal of Great Lakes Research
,
22
, 565-83.
Carr, R. S., Biedenbach, J.M. & Nipper, M. (2006)
Infl uence of potentially confounding factors on sea
urchin porewater toxicity tests .
Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology
51
, 573-79.
Chapman, P. M. (1992) Sediment quality triad approach.
In
Sediment Classifi cation Methods Compendium
. EPA
823-R-92-006. Offi ce of Water. United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, District
of Columbia.
Cook, P. M., Carlson, A. R. & Lee, H. (1992) Tissue
residue approach. In
Sediment Classifi cation Methods
Compendium
. EPA 823-R-92-006. Washington, District
of Columbia : Offi ce of Water, United States Environmental
Protection Agency.
Crane, J. L. (1996) Carcinogenic human health risks associ-
ated with consuming contaminated fi sh from fi ve Great
Lakes areas of concern.
Journal of Great Lakes Research
,
22
, 653-68.
Cubbage, J., Batts, D. & Briedenbach, S. (1997)
Creation
and analysis of freshwater sediment quality values in
Washington State
. Olympia, Washington: Environmental
Investigations and Laboratory Services Program,
Washington Department of Ecology.
Davis, W. S. & Lathrop, J. E. (1992) Freshwater benthic
macroinvertebrate community structure and function. In
Sediment Classifi cation Methods Compendium
. EPA
823-R-92-006. Washington, District of Columbia: Offi ce
of Water, United States Environmental Protection
Agency.
Di Toro, D. M., Zarba, C. S., Hansen, D. J.,
et al.
(1991)
Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria
Contaminated sediments have the potential to affect
adversely sediment-dwelling organisms, wildlife,
and/or human health. Whenever practicable, multi-
ple lines of evidence (i.e., data on multiple indicators
of sediment quality conditions) should be used to
assess the quality of freshwater, estuarine, and
marine sediments. Procedures for determining if indi-
vidual lines of evidence indicate that the benefi cial
uses of sediments are being impaired have been
described in this chapter. The contingency tables pre-
sented in this chapter provide a basis for integrating
the information on multiple indicators of sediment
quality conditions and, in so doing, supporting
informed decisions about the management of con-
taminated sediments.
Importantly, the weight of evidence generated
should be proportional to the weight of the decision
in the management of contaminated sediments. At
small and uncomplicated sites, the costs associated
with detailed site investigations are likely to exceed
the costs associated with the removal and disposal
of contaminated sediments. In these cases, SQGs rep-
resent cost-effective tools for establishing clean-up
targets and developing remedial action plans
(Wenning & Ingersoll 2002). At larger, more com-
plicated sites, it is prudent to conduct further inves-
tigations when preliminary screening indicates that
contaminated sediments are present. In such cases,
the application of toxicity testing, bioaccumulation
assessments, and other tools provides a means of
confi rming the severity and extent of degraded sedi-
ment quality conditions (Wenning & Ingersoll 2002).
Application of toxicity-identifi cation evaluation pro-
cedures and/or sediment spiking studies provides a
basis of confi rming the identity of the substances that
are causing or substantially contributing to sediment
toxicity (Ingersoll
et al.
1997).
References
Ankley, G. T., Di Toro, D. M., Hansen, D. J. & Berry, W.
J. (1996) Technical basis and proposal for deriving sedi-
ment quality criteria for metals.
Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry
,
15
, 2056-66.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
(2008a) Standard test methods for measuring the toxicity
of sediment-associated contaminants with freshwater
invertebrates. E1706-05E1. In
ASTM. 2008. Annual
