Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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the application of biomarkers on multiple levels of
biological organization, from biochemical responses
to benthic community structure.
Artifi cial dialysis samplers, such as semi-permeable
membrane devices, for collecting pore-water con-
taminants in sediments have been known for some
time (Hesslein 1976; Mayer 1976). However, because
these methods generally produce relatively small
volumes of pore water, are unreliable at low con-
taminant concentrations, and have cost implications
and problems associated with logistical issues, they
have not been widely used
in situ
(Ni Shuilleabhain
et al.
2003; Boehm
et al.
2005). An interesting and
possibly cost-effective approach is the development
of “artifi cial mussels” as monitoring devices (Leung
et al.
2008). Thus, providing these devices can over-
come the limitations of semi-permeable membrane
devices, by removing variability between individual
“mussels” and allowing for a more standardized
assessment, they may be able to replace the use of
fi lter-feeding bivalves in biomonitoring programs,
and it is conceivable that such devices could be suit-
ably adapted for use in sediment.
Furthermore, the discovery of increasing concen-
trations of minute plastic fragments in sediments and
their tendency to attract persistent organic contami-
nants (Mato
et al.
2001) as well as the rapid develop-
ment of nanotechnology, in particular the increased
use of nanoparticles, presents a new challenge for
sediment quality assessment.
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Ankley, G. T., Call, D. J., Cox, J. S., Kahl, M. D., Hoke,
R. A. & Kosian, P. A. (1994) Organic carbon partition-
ing as a basis for predicting the toxicity of chlorpyrifos
in sediments.
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Standard guide for designing biological test with sedi-
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. Philadelphia: American Society for testing and
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ASTM. (1994b)
American Society for Testing and Materials:
Terminology
. Philadelphia: American Society for testing
and Materials. E943-94.
Atkinson, C. A., Jolley, D. F. & Simpson, S. L. (2007)
Effect of overlying water pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity
and sediment disturbances on metal release and seques-
tration from metal contaminated marine sediments.
Chemosphere
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, 1428-37.
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& Finley, B. L. (1998) Using a spiked sediment bioassay
to establish a no-effect concentration for dioxin exposure
to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita.
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(2001) Chemical
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area receiving industrial effl uents in Kuwait.
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