Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
to one estimation, the energy value of all residual biomass in the United States is
0.2-0.3 TW [20] and conversion of this material to useful forms would meet approx-
imately 7% of the USAs' total annual energy use (~3.3 TW) [19]. The fraction is
much higher worldwide, perhaps 25% or more [19]. Major advantages of energy
from wastes are the carbon neutrality, renewability, recovery of energy and simulta-
neous wastewater treatment. Simple sugars to complex industrial wastewaters have
been evaluated to determine their potential as fermentative substrates for the pro-
duction of H 2 . Table 1 shows some of these studies using dark fermentation. Simple
sugars such as glucose, sucrose and lactose are readily biodegradable substrates for
H 2 production but are expensive. Various wastewaters generated from industrial or
domestic activities function as good substrates for H 2 generation due to the presence
of large fractions of degradable organics. Residue like agricultural crops and their
waste products, wood and wood waste, food processing waste, aquatic plants, algae,
and effluents produced in human habitats can all be used as fermentable substrates
Ta b l e 1 Various types of waste/wastewaters used as substrate for fermentative H 2 production
Nature of waste
Type of waste
References
Industrial Wastewater
Designed synthetic wastewater
[21-24]
Chemical wastewater
[21, 22, 25, 26]
Paper mill waste
[27]
Dairy processing wastewater
[28-31]
Cheese processing wastewater
[32, 33]
Brewery wastewater
[34]
Wine process wastewater
[35, 36]
Molasses based wastewater
[37, 38]
Palm oil mill effluent (POME)
[39-41]
Citric acid wastewater
[42]
Probiotic wastewater
[43]
Slaughterhouse waste
[44]
Starch based wastewater/starch effluent
[45, 46]
Olive mill wastewater
[47]
Food processing wastewater
[48]
Urban waste
Municipal solid waste
[44, 49, 48, 50, 51]
Domestic sewage/wastewater
Activated sludge /sewage bio-solids
[52]
Citrus peeling waste
[16]
Solid waste
Household solid waste
[53, 54]
Vegetable based market waste
[55]
Corn stalk
[56]
Wheat starch/Wheat straw
[57-59]
Fodder maize
[60]
Chitinous waste
[61]
Agricultural waste
Cattle wastewater
[62]
Mixed fruit peel waste
[63]
Potato waste/Potato starch residue
[64, 65]
Cellulose
[66-68]
Hemicellulose-rich pine tree wood shavings
[69]
 
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