Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
12
Biosurfactants
Future Trends
and Challenges
Catherine N. Mulligan, Sanjay
K. Sharma, and Ackmez Mudhoo
CONTENTS
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 309
Types of Biosurfactants .......................................................................................... 311
Rhamnolipids .................................................................................................... 311
Sophorolipids .................................................................................................... 312
MELS ................................................................................................................ 313
Marine Sources of Biosurfactants ..................................................................... 313
Lipopeptides ...................................................................................................... 314
Trehalose Biosurfactants ................................................................................... 314
Applications of Biosurfactants ............................................................................... 314
Food Additives .................................................................................................. 315
Environmental Applications .............................................................................. 315
Biomedical Applications ................................................................................... 317
Production Costs .................................................................................................... 318
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 320
References .............................................................................................................. 321
INTRODUCTION
Often, activities of industries in general will come into conflict with the goals of a
sustainable environment. This is based on the assumption that (1) nonrenewable
natural resources (materials and energy) are required to fuel the engine of
industry
,
(2) nonrenewable source materials are used in the production or manufacture of goods,
and (3) the smokestack emissions and discharge of liquid and solid wastes from these
industries are harmful to both human health and the environment (Figure 12.1).
The basic concept of
industrial ecology
is to apply a systems approach to protect
the environment and conserve environmental resources as components of industrial
production and development (Yong et al., 2006). Through integration of industry
with the environment,
industrial ecology
focuses on (1) renewable and nonrenew-
able environmental resource consumption and conservation with regard to raw mate-
rials for industrial activities; (2) efficient industrial production through technology
309
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