Biosurfactants in the Food Industry - Biosurfactants: Research Trends and Applications - page 191

properties of food they are incorporated or in contact. The use of wastes or by-products
can reduce costs and valorize the residues; however, simple substrates that need few prep-
aration steps and standardization should be preferred to turn the process cost-effective.
The discovery of new and noble applications to BS will contribute to the valorization of
these molecules increasing even more their demand. Finally, the improvement in micro-
bial strain productivity, safety, and stability is imperative to the success of BSs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
(FAPESP) for financial support.
REFERENCES
Abdel-Mawgoud, A., Aboulwafa, M., and Hassouna, N. 2008. Optimization of surfactin
production by Bacillus subtilis isolate BS5. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,
150:305-325.
Anastas, P. T. and Kirchhoff, M. K. 2002. Origins, current status, and future challenges of
green chemistry. Accounts of Chemical Research , 35:686-694.
Annous, B. A., Fratamico, P. M., and Smith, J. L. 2009. Quorum sensing in biofilms: why
bacteria behave the way they do. Journal of Food Science , 74: 24-37.
Araújo, L. V., Abreu, F., Lins, U., Anna, L. M. M. S., Nitschke, M., and Freire, D. M. G. 2011.
Rhamnolipid and surfactin inhibit Listeria monocytogenes adhesion. Food Research
International, 44:481-488.
Bagge-Ravn, D., Yin, N., Hjelm, M., Christiansen, J. N., Johansen, C., and Gram, L. 2003.
The microbial ecology of processing equipment in different fish industries: Analysis of
the microflora during processing and following cleaning and disinfection. International
Journal of Food Microbiology, 87:239-250.
Bednarski, W., Adamczak, M., Tomasik, J., and Plaszczyk, M. 2004. Application of oil refinery
waste in the biosynthesis of glycolipids by yeast. Bioresource Technology , 95:15-18.
Benincasa, M., Abalos, A., Oliveira, I., and Manresa, A. 2004. Chemical structure, surface
properties and biological activities of the biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeru-
ginosa LBI from soapstock. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek , 85:1-8.
Benincasa, M., Contiero, J., Manresa, M. A., and Moraes, I. O. 2002. Rhamnolipid produc-
tion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI growing on soapstock as the sole carbon source.
Journal of Food Engineering , 54:283-288.
Bognolo, G. 1999. Biosurfactants as emulsifying agents for hydrocarbons. Colloids and
Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 152:41-52.
Carpentier, B. and Cerf, O. 1993. Biofilms and their consequences with particular references
to hygiene in the food industry. Journal of Applied Bacteriology , 75:499-511.
Cirigliano, M. C. and Carman, G. M. 1985. Purification and characterization of liposan, a bioemul-
sifier from Candida lipolytica . Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50:846-850.
Cloete, E., Molobela, I., Van Der Merwe, A., and Richards, M. 2009. Biofilms in the food and
beverage industries: An introduction. In Biofilms in the Food and Beverages Industries ,
eds. Fratamico, P. M., Annous, B. A., and Gunther IV, N. W., pp. 3-41. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press.
Costa, S. G. V. A. O., Lepine, F., Milot, S., Deziel, E., Nitschke, M., and Contiero, J. 2009.
Cassava wastewater as substrate for the simultaneous production of rhamnolipids and
polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Journal of Industrial Microbiology
& Biotechnology , 36:1063-1072.