Contemporary and Future Trends in Optics - Optical Signal Processing by Silicon Photonics - page 12

Both of these devices were able to operate at room temperature, although the life
of laser was short enough and was addressed immediately.
The high cost of initial fiber was soon declined by the promising ability of
excellent transmission properties and high bandwidth. Audio and video transmis-
sion applications for broadband systems forced optical manufacturers to develop
high volume mass production facilities of fibers which consequently lower the cost
of the fiber. Dr. Charles Kao who presented optical communications concept back
in 1970s, let him won the Nobel prize in 2009. In the start of this chapter the basic
principle of optical communication is presented followed by the recent advances
with applications in the field of silicon photonics.
Soref [ 1 ] provides an overview of the past, present, and future of silicon pho-
tonics. The focus in the work already carried out is on the main components and
integration of optoelectronic components. Identification of the forthcoming chal-
lenges and emerging trends has been attempted to be done. The work in this par-
ticular area represents kind of revolution in the field of photonics. Covered topics
include fast modulators, Raman lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), Quantum-
cascade structures, photo detectors, micro resonators, Plasmon optics, photonic-
circuit integration, all of these topics are touched briefly, and a few words have
been added about the quest for electric field effect modulators, electrically pumped
silicon lasers and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for the long-wave, mid-wave,
and far-infrared regions. The text not only points out key references but also pro-
vide valuable background to the beginners.
Singh and Singh [ 2 ], gives a brief account of their work i.e. to nonlinear
effects, for example Self Phase Modulation, Cross Phase Modulation, and Four
Wave Mixing have been discussed. These effects cause the degradation of fiber
optic system's performance. SPM has tiny impact if power per channel is below
19.6 mW. Four wave mixing is the phenomenon that has rigorous effects in
Wavelength Division Multiplex systems, dispersion-shifted fibers are used in it. In
case of some dispersion, the effects of four wave mixing are reduced. The non-
zero dispersion-shifted fibers are very efficient in WDM systems for this very rea-
son. Besides the degradation effect, they are also useful in various applications
including Cross Phase Modulation in optical switching, Self Phase Modulation in
solitons, and Four Wave Mixing in wavelength conversion and squeezing (Fig. 2.1 ,
Table 2.1 ).
Lin and Agrawal [ 3 ], gives a brief account of their work that nonlinear optical
effects and their several kinds have been under observation recently making use
of silicon waveguides, and their applications in different devices are attracting the
attention considerably. In this review, they offer an integrated theoretical platform
that is capable of understanding the physics underlying and providing the required
guidance toward latest and valuable applications. They initiate with the explana-
tion of silicon's third-order nonlinearity with the inclusion of the tonsorial nature
of both the Raman and electronic contributions. Free carriers generation through
absorption of two-photon and their influence on several nonlinear phenomena is
fully included within the presented theory. The derivation of a general propaga-
tion equation is done in the frequency domain and how it leads to a generalized