Climate Change Mitigation - Climate Resilient Agriculture for Ensuring Food Security - page 270

options for mitigating GHG emissions from agri-
cultural ecosystems:
•

13.1 Cropland Management

Cropland management , including nutrient
management, tillage and residue management
(irrigation, drainage), rice paddy manage-
ment, agro-forestry, set-asides, crop rotations,
and land-use change

Often intensively managed croplands offer many
opportunities to impose practices that reduce net
GHG emissions (IPCC 2007a ). These opportuni-
ties are diverse and are often grouped in terms
such as conservation agriculture, sustainable
agriculture, etc. Essentially, these categories aim
to minimize soil disturbance while maximizing
yield. Land management practices for mitigation
regarding croplands include the following partly
overlapping categories:
13.1. Cropland management
13.1.1. Agronomy (using improved crop
varieties, extending crop rota-
tions, avoiding or reducing the
use of bare fallow and the use of
rotations with legume crops)
13.1.1.1. Using

• Grazing land management and pasture

improvement , including grazing intensity,
increased productivity (e.g., fertilization),
nutrient management, fi re management, and
species introduction (including legumes)

• Management of organic soils , including avoid-

ing drainage of wetlands

• Restoration of degraded lands , including

erosion control, organic amendments, and
nutrient amendments

• Livestock management , including improved

feeding practices, dietary additives, longer-
term structural and management changes, and
animal breeding

improved crop

varieties
13.1.1.2. Cover crop technology
13.1.2. Nutrient management (prac-
tices that improve nitrogen use
effi ciency-precision farming (i.e.,
adjusting application rates of
nutrients based on precise estima-
tion of crop needs); using slow-
or controlled-release fertilizer
forms or nitrifi cation inhibitors
(which slow the microbial pro-
cesses leading to N 2 O formation);
improved timing of nitrogen
application, often just prior to
plant uptake; placing the nitrogen
more precisely to make it more
accessible to crops roots; or
avoiding nitrogen applications
in excess of immediate plant
requirements)
13.1.2.1. Nitrogenous fertilizers
13.1.2.2. Mycorrhiza
13.1.3. Tillage/residue management
(minimal tillage or no-tillage
systems, crop residue manage-
ment, avoiding the burning of
crop residues)
13.1.3.1. Conservation tillage
13.1.3.2. Biochar

• Manure management , including improved

storage and handling, anaerobic digestion, and
more effi cient use as a nutrient source

• Bioenergy , including energy crops (solid, liquid,

biogas, and residues)

Land management options for mitigation fall
in the following categories:
13.1. Cropland management
13.1.1. Agronomy
13.1.2. Nutrient management
13.1.3. Tillage/residue management
13.1.4. Water management
13.1.5. Rice management
13.1.6. Manure management
13.1.7. Agro-forestry
13.1.8. Land-use change
13.1.9. Restoration of degraded lands
13.1.10. Organic agriculture
13.2. Livestock management
13.2.1. Feed optimization
13.2.2. Genetically modifi ed rumen

bacteria
13.2.3. Straw ammonization and silage
13.2.4. Grazing land management
13.2.5. Longer-term management changes
and animal breeding
13.3. Energy management