Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.7 Summary of CRA practices and technologies
for land-based systems
Excluding Brazil and China, per capita meat
consumption in developing countries is expected
to increase to 26 kg in 2030 and 32 kg in 2050. In
terms of future consumption, it is projected that a
marked gap will continue to exist between devel-
oped and developing countries. This gap indi-
cates that there is scope for further growth in the
livestock sector. Driven by demand, global pro-
duction of meat is projected to more than double,
from 229 million tons in 1999/2001 to 465 mil-
lion tons in 2050. Milk production is expected to
increase from 580 to 1,043 million tons (FAO
2006 ).
Livestock make a necessary and important
contribution to global calorie and protein sup-
plies. However, livestock need to be managed
carefully to maximize this contribution. While
livestock products are not absolutely essential to
human diets, they are valued and they will con-
tinue to be consumed in increasing amounts.
Meat, milk, and eggs in appropriate amounts are
valuable sources of complete and easily digest-
ible protein and essential micronutrients.
Impact on
food security
Effectiveness
of adaptation
Practices and technologies
Grazing management
+/−
+
Pasture management
+
Animal breeding
+
++
Animal and herd
management
+
++
Animal disease and health
++
++
Supplementary feeding
+
+
Vaccines against rumen
archaea
++
Warning systems
++
+
Weather-indexed insurance
+
Agro-forestry practices
++
++
Adaptation potential: + = low; ++ = medium
mission models (IFAD 2002 ). Appropriate
sustainable livestock management practices are
required so that livestock keepers can take advan-
tage of the increasing demand for livestock prod-
ucts (where this is feasible) and protect their
livestock assets in the face of changing and
increasingly variable climates.
Livestock diseases contribute to an important
set of problems within livestock production sys-
tems. These include animal welfare, productivity
losses, uncertain food security, loss of income,
and negative impacts on human health. Livestock
disease management can reduce disease through
improved animal husbandry practices. These
include: controlled breeding, controlling entry to
farm lots, and quarantining sick animals and
through developing and improving antibiotics,
vaccines and diagnostic tools, evaluation of
ethno-therapeutic options, and vector control
techniques.
Livestock disease management is made up of
two key components:
￿ Prevention (biosecurity) measures in suscep-
tible herds
￿ Control measures taken once infection occurs
The probability of infection from a given dis-
ease depends on existing farm practices (preven-
tion) as well as the prevalence rate in host
populations in the relevant area. As the preva-
lence in the area increases, the probability of
infection increases.
12.6.2 Adaptation Needs: Climate-
Resilient Livestock
Climate-resilient adaptation options deemed suit-
able for land-based systems, along with their
capacities to satisfy multiple climate-resilient
objectives, are listed in Table 12.7 .
12.6.3 Livestock Disease
Management
Livestock systems in developing countries are
characterized by rapid change, driven by factors
such as population growth, increases in the
demand for livestock products as incomes rise,
and urbanization. Climate change is adding to the
considerable developmental challenges posed by
these drivers of change. The increasing frequency
of heat stress, drought, and fl ooding events could
translate into the increased spread of existing
vector-borne diseases and macro-parasites, along
with the emergence of new diseases and trans-
 
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