Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
simple systems of pest management to be devel-
oped (Kroschel et al. 2009 ).
4 . Combined resistance to stem borer and herbicide
glufosinate in rice: A stacked combination of
Bt toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac along with tol-
erance to the herbicide glufosinate ( bar gene)
was created in order to serve as a parental line
for generating hybrid rice varieties. The resul-
tant transgenic line was resistant to stem borer
insects and to the herbicide glufosinate.
5 . Insect-protected corn stacked with Roundup
Ready: Maize has varieties that are either
stand-alone glyphosate resistant (GR) variet-
ies or varieties that combine GR and trans-
genic Bt ( B. thuringiensis toxin) traits for
insect resistance. Table 11.3 lists and describes
the insect-protected corn stacked with
Roundup Ready Corn.
6 . Insect-protected corn stacked with
LibertyLink: Table 11.4 lists and describes the
insect-protected
11.3.2.8 Genetically Modifi ed Crops
with Multiple Pest Resistance
1 . GM potato resistant to Colorado beetle (CPB)
and virus Y (PVY): The Monsanto Company
developed NewLeaf Y potato lines
SEMT15-02, SEMT15-15, and RBMT15-101
through a specifi c genetic modifi cation of cul-
tivars Shepody and Russet Burbank to resist
infection by PVY and to feeding by the
CPB. To develop these potatoes, the Cry3A
gene isolated from a naturally occurring soil
bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
tenebrionis was supplemented with the
PVYcp gene isolated from a naturally occur-
ring strain of PVY.
2 . GM potato resistant to Colorado beetle (CPB)
and leaf roll virus (PLRV): The Monsanto
Company has developed the NewLeaf Plus
potato varieties that are resistant to infection
by PLRV and to feeding by the CPB (Lawson
et al. 2001 ). To develop these potatoes, select
clones of the Russet Burbank potato variety
were supplemented with the Cry3A gene iso-
lated from a naturally occurring soil bacte-
rium B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis and
the PLRVrep gene isolated from a naturally
occurring strain of the potato leaf roll virus.
3 . GM rice resistant to stem borer, sheath , and
bacterial blight: The Xa21 gene (resistance to
bacterial blight), the Bt fusion gene (for insect
resistance), and the chitinase gene (for toler-
ance of sheath blight) were combined in a
single rice line by reciprocal crossing of two
transgenic homozygous IR72 lines. The iden-
tifi ed F4 plant lines, when exposed to infec-
tion caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.
oryzae , showed resistance to bacterial blight.
Neonate larval mortality rates of yellow stem
borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ) in an insect
bioassay of the same identifi ed lines were
100 %. The identifi ed line pyramided with dif-
ferent genes to protect against yield loss
showed high tolerance of sheath blight disease
caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Datta et al.
2002 ).
corn
stacked
with
LibertyLink Corn.
7 . Insect-protected corn stacked with Roundup
Ready and LibertyLink: Table 11.5 lists and
describes the insect-protected corn stacked
with Roundup Ready and LibertyLink.
11.4
Policies Enabling/Inhibiting
Crop Health Management
For CHM, a conducive policy environment is
needed in addition to access to the knowledge of
biotic and abiotic factors with an impact on the
cropping system and to the tools available for
farmers to make correct agronomic and IPM
decisions.
11.4.1 The Convention on Biological
Diversity: A Signifi cant
Obstacle
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
has proven a major infl uence on the biological
control of pests and on ecosystem resilience. The
exchange of benefi cial plants and biocontrol
agents between countries has become increas-
ingly diffi cult. In several instances, the transfer of
potentially important living organisms has been
 
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