Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 11.2
Major contribut
ions of crop health management
Major contributions
Management of current and future pest threats
Economic sustainability
Reduces sanitary and phytosanitary risks
Provides a framework for the payment of ecosystem services
Improves profi tability
Reduces externalities
Environmental
sustainability
Conserves natural resources including fossil fuels, soils, water, and biodiversity
Provides ecosystem services: pollination, clean waterways, watershed protection,
diverse landscapes, biodiversity-rich ecosystems
Reduces the recurrence of pests and resurgence of secondary pests
Social/cultural
sustainability
Changes the attitudes of farmers towards stewardship
Increases farmers' knowledge of ecosystem function
Is locally adaptable and compatible with social and cultural values
Allows different weighting of desired outcomes based on social norms
Poverty alleviation
Generates local input markets
Generates economic growth through increased production
Climate change/land use
Mitigates climate change through reduced carbon emissions and increased
sequestration
Reduces the need to convert forest land into agricultural land
Provides a framework for adaption to pest outbreaks and changes for risk distribution
Food safety and health
Reduces the risk of mycotoxin exposure
Protects the effi cacy of pesticides in the control of vectors of human diseases
Reduces the risks of pesticide residues in food, feed, and fi ber
Improves water quality through reduced pesticide runoff
Minimizes the risk of contamination by human pathogens
Food security
Reduces the risks of pre- and postharvest losses
Increases productivity
Reduces food prices to benefi t consumers
Improves the availability of food at all levels of consumption
should also engage in capacity development at
the policy maker, research manager, scientist,
and extension agent levels to improve the capac-
ity for innovation, adaptation, and adoption in
partner countries. This collaborative research
within SP-IPM fi ts squarely into the emerging
concept of Consortium Research Programs
developed as a new mode of delivery for cutting-
edge research.
climates will cause pests to spread further, cover-
ing more areas that increasingly become suitable
for them, and to multiply faster in current areas.
The potential effect of climate change on pests,
and the responses of individual species, could
lead to major shifts in biodiversity and species
composition. In this respect, divergences in the
thermal preferences of pests and their natural
enemies might lead to a disruption of temporal or
geographic synchronization, increasing the risk
of pest outbreaks. Additionally, increased con-
centrations of CO
2
and tropospheric ozone in the
atmosphere may alter the secondary chemistry of
crops and their susceptibility to insects and dis-
eases. Increased tropospheric ozone is a particu-
lar problem in many areas of the developing
world, and crops such as rice, wheat, soybean,
mung bean, groundnut, and chickpea are already
suffering the effects of high regional ozone levels.
11.3.1.1 Climate Change
The multiple impacts of climate change could
signifi cantly reduce the effectiveness of current
IPM strategies, leading to higher crop losses.
Better knowledge and understanding of pest
behavior under different projected climatic sce-
narios are required to adopt and develop new
IPM technologies to respond to threats resulting
from climate change. It is predicted that changing
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