Common Indicators to Document the State of the Environment and to Detect Change - Mining and the Environment: From Ore to Metal - page 388

● Total water consumption (maximum, minimum, average)
● Water consumption as percent of available water
Water quality indices
● BOD in freshwater
● Concentration of Faecal Coliform
● Turbidity, temperature, and pH
● Concentrations of chemical constitutes (such as trace metals)
Water consumption
● Bernie Fowler's Sneaker Index - water clarity
● Quality of river water entering mine area / quality leaving mine area
Water quantity indices
● Precipitation/evaporation
● Drainage system and surface water bodies
● Water levels and water level variation
● Flow velocities
● Groundwater levels and aquifer characteristics
● Compliance with dissolved oxygen standards
● Compliance with water quality standards
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Vegetation degradation/Habitat indicators
● Extent and rate of clearing or modifi cation
● Location and confi guration of remnant land areas with sensitive habitats (mangrove forest, ancient forest,
wetlands, coral reefs, etc)
● Portion of land area covered by forest
Species diversity
● Species diversity, conservation status, economic importance and extent of knowledge
● Number, distribution and abundance of migratory species
● Demographic characteristics of target taxa
Birds
● Restricted-range species
● Number of species at risk
Genetic diversity
Alien and exotic species
Endangered or threatened species in area
● Pest numbers
Harvesting/Hunting (Species used by local people).
● Species traffi cked
● Permits requested and issued for harvesting
● Fish catch/Animal hunted
● By-catch to target species
Ecologic diversity
● Ecosystem diversity
● Number and extent/area of ecological communities of high conservation potential
● Protected area compared to total project area
Contamination
● Concentration of chemicals/trace metals in tissue
(Continued)