Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
WWB- Wood and woody biomass (samples 1-28)
HAB- Herbaceous and agricultural biomass (samples 29-72)
HAG- Herbaceous and agricultural grass (samples 29-38)
HAS- Herbaceous and agricultural straw (samples 39-47)
HAR- Herbaceous and agricultural residue (samples 28-72)
AB- Animal biomass (samples 73, 74)
MB- Mixture of biomass (samples 75-78)
CB- Contaminated biomass (samples 79-86)
AVB- All varieties of biomass (samples 1-86)
P- Peat
L- Lignine
S- Sub-bituminous coal
B- Bituminous coal
A- Algae
SiO
2
+Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
+Na
2
O+TiO
2
1
00
0
10
High acid
9
0
B
20
S
8
0
S type
30
40
L
7
0
P
CB
60
5
0
MB
Medium acid
50
HAG
60
HAS
HAB
HAR
4
0
AV B
WWB
C type
70
80
90
K type
30
2
0
A
Low acid
1
0
0
100
0 0
CaO + MgO + MnO
AB
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
K
2
O+P
2
O
5
+SO
3
+Cl
2
O
CK type
FIGURE 2.11
A way to classify inorganic matter in high-temperature ashes. (Source:
Reproduced (adapted) with permission from Vassilev et al. (2010). © Elsevier.)
melting ash compounds (top part, SiO
2
+Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
+Na
2
O + TiO
2
), base
ash elements that form less volatiles at high temperatures (CaO + MgO + MnO),
and base elements that tend to form more volatile species at high temperatures
(K
2
O+P
2
O
5
+SO
3
+Cl
2
O). Four major classes of compounds were identified. The
S class mainly contains the older fuels, while woody fuels are mostly C type (base
nature). Agricultural residues and algae that can form glassy agglomerates at high
temperatures form the K class, and animal-derived materials (e.g., MBM) are identi-
fied as CK class.
The methods used to determine the association of inorganic compounds in fuels
have developed significantly in the past few decades. Standard methods typically
involve analysis after controlled combustion (also called
), whereas other
(more advanced) methods, such as chemical fractionation and computer-controlled
scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM), are used to quantify the abundance, size,
and association of inorganic compounds in fuels (Frandsen, 2011). Chemical fraction-
ation comprises dissolution of a sample in pure water, ammonium acetate solution,
and hydrogen chloride solution, representing increasingly less volatile inorganic
fractions; it can be applied to the raw fuels (Zevenhoven-Onderwater et al., 2000)
or to biomass-derived ashes (with ashing performed under standardized conditions)
(Tortosa Masia et al., 2007).
“
ashing
”
CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE
The approach of this chapter is to show the basic properties of biomass in its wide
diversity, i.e., both physical and chemical properties. The main constituents are dis-
cussed in terms of different organic compounds,
in particular the biopolymers
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