Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.3 Typical proximate and elemental analyses of various biomass fuels, biomass residues, and coals
Proximate Analysis (wt% as received (ar))
Ultimate Analysis (wt% dry and ash-free (daf))
Moisture
VM
FC
Ash
C
H
O
N
S
Cl
Fuel
Wood pellets, clean (Khan et al., 2009)
4.9
80.4
14.5
0.2
45.6
6.6
47.8
BDL
BDL
BDL
Wood pellets, demolition (Khan et al.,
2009)
9.1
69.6
19.7
1.7
51.2
7.1
40.6
1.0
BDL
0.1
Wheat straw (Arvelakis and Koukios,
2002)
8.5
69.5
15.0
7.0
47.3
5.5
45.3
0.9
0.5
0.5
Sunflower pellets (Khan et al., 2009)
11.2
65.2
19.5
4.1
52.1
6.1
41.0
0.6
0.1
0.1
Olive cake pellets (Khan et al., 2009)
11.9
64.2
15.7
8.2
52.7
6.3
38.9
1.6
0.1
0.4
Pepper plant residue (Khan et al., 2009)
6.5
60.5
19.5
13.5
42.3
5.0
48.9
3.1
0.6
0.1
Greenhouse residue
a
(Khan et al., 2009)
2.5
61.0
5.5
31.0
70.8
11.1
16.4
1.5
BDL
0.2
Sewage sludge, dried (Nilsson et al.,
2012)
8.7
47.2
4.7
39.4
54.3
7.7
27.4
8.4
2.2
ND
MBM (Tortosa Masia et al., 2007)
2.5
61.7
12.4
23.4
56.6
8.0
20.6
12.0
1.7
1.1
Microalgae (tinyurl.com/km7dh8h)
5.2
77.5
14.9
2.4
54.1
7.4
29.6
8.2
0.5
0.2
6.3
c
21.7
c
Macroalgae (seaweed) (Zhou et al.,
2010)
8.0
42.4
19.5
30.1
41.1
7.5
46.2
5.2
12.5
b
Peat (young surface), dry (Kurkela
et al., 1995)
63.1
22
2.4
52.6
5.8
40.6
0.9
0.1
0.0
Brown coal, dried (De Jong et al., 2003)
15.6
44.1
36.0
4.3
56.3
5.0
37.6
0.6
0.4
0.1
Bituminous coal (Kurkela et al., 1995)
5.5
30.1
56.6
7.8
82.3
5.1
10.3
1.4
0.8
0.1
Anthracite (tinyurl.com/km7dh8h)
1.9
7.6
87.7
2.8
91.6
3.5
2.4
1.6
0.8
0.1
BDL, below the lower detection limit; ND, not determined.
a
Including plastics.
b
Average value.
c
Wt% in dry ash (S and Cl contents can be high (Mageswaran et al., 1985), report values 0.7 < S < 3.9 wt% dry basis (db) and 1.3 < Cl < 7.9 wt% db).
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