Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 15.4 Explanation of some terms in Table 15.3
Hours per year
Usually set at 8000 h
Depreciation
Process installations 10 years; accompanying infrastructure 20 years
Process equipment
Identify major equipment and their nature; look for free-on-board
(FOB) prices, multiply with the Hand factor to account for a unit
that can be integrated in a modular way
TDI
The primary process investment, also called “within/inside battery
limits” or on-site
Instrumentation
Not only measurement equipment but also control equipment, like
valves and supplies for safety (alarms)
Tankage, storage,
and handling
For example, storage of raw material stocks and ready products;
supplies to move such stocks
Utilities
All that is needed to supplyprocess equipmentwithpower, fuel, process
and cooling water, steam, pressurized air, inertizing gases
Off-sites
Facilities like a control room, a lab, administration building, canteen,
fire security department, safety department, medical service,
storage building for spare parts, garage, waiting room, roads,
parking places, lighting, etc.
Environmental
supplies
For example, chimneys, measures to reduce noise, remove
contaminations (unless these are major reactors)
One-time investments
Costs that are immediately depreciated, e.g., certain license costs,
start-up costs
one can use a rule of thumb for scale up concerning the costs, according to the
Williams
'
0.6 scale factor rule:
0
:
6
capacity
A
capacity
B
I
equipment _ capacity
A
=
I
equipment _ capacity
B
×
ð
Eq
:
15
:
15
Þ
Please note that each specific large piece of equipment may have varying expo-
nents; more info can be found in, e.g., Peters and Timmerhaus (1991). When values
of investments are presented in a certain year 0, then one can calculate the amount of
money involved in a more recent year 1 according to
I
equipment _ 1
I
equipment _ 0
CEPCI
1
CEPCI
0
=
ð
Eq
15
16
Þ
:
:
where
CEPCI
j
is the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index in year
j
. The value of
CEPCI
j
is reported in the Chemical Engineering magazine (tinyurl.com/lhppp6d).
The price of a product can be calculated as detailed in Table 15.5 and Table 15.6.
Some studies have been performed regarding technoeconomic analyses of
biorefineries. Wright and Brown (2007) compared first-generation ethanol production
with (ligno)cellulosic ethanol production as well as with Fischer
Tropsch (FT) diesel
production and methanol and hydrogen generation. The basis of comparison was a 150
million gallon (gasoline equivalent) plant (reference year for all calculations: 2005).
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