Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Starch crops
(corn)
Oil crops
(rape seeds)
Lignocellulosic
residues (straw)
Pretreatment
Pressing
Mechanical
fractionation
Gasiication
Hydrolysis
Oil
Syngas
C6 sugars
Estherification
Alcohol
synthesis
FT-synthesis
Fermentation
Chemicals
(alcohols)
Synthetic
biofuels (FT)
Bioethanol
Animal feed
Glycerine
Biodiesel
Animal feed
Example 4
Example 5
Grasses
Lignocellulosic
crops (switchgrass)
Fractionation
and pressing
Pretreatment
Fiber
separation
C5 sugars
Hydrolysis
Lignin
Organic juice
Anaerobic
digestion
Gasiication
C6 sugars
Extraction
Biogas
Syngas
Fermentation
Upgrading
FT-synthesis
Biomaterials
(iber products)
Synthetic
biofuels (FT)
Chemicals & b.b. (lactic
and amino acids)
Biomethane
Fertilizer
Animal feed
Bioethanol
FIGURE 15.3 Classification schemes for different biorefinery concepts for determination
of the BCI. (Source: Reproduced with permission from Cherubini et al. (2009). © Society of
Chemical Industry and © John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
products), one platform (oil), one bio-based feedstock (rapeseeds), and two pro-
cesses (one chemical process, esterification, and one physical process, pressing).
Thus, BCI = 3 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 7 (see Figure 15.3 and Example 15.2).
15.2.1 Thermochemical Biorefinery Concepts
In Chapters 10
12, thermochemical conversion technologies leading to a product spec-
trum of fuel components still containing chemical energy have already been described.
For gasification (Chapter 10), this is a product gas that is rich in CO and H 2 .Pyrolysis
(Chapter 11) results in a wide range of organic products, and torrefaction (Chapter 12), a
form of mild pyrolysis, produces a carbon-enriched char. In this chapter, we describe
some possible ways to integrate such techniques for the production of a multitude of
potential energy (PE) carriers and chemicals/materials.
Figure 15.4 (Boerrigter et al., 2004) presents a good example of an extended,
highly integrated thermochemical biorefinery based on torrefaction/gasification.
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