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0
1
−
75,976
R
u
T
48 × 10
4
@
A
k
1
=2
exp
:
0
@
1
A
exp
−
114, 214
R
u
T
23 × 10
7
k
V
1
=3
:
0
@
1
A
exp
−
151, 711
R
u
T
10 × 10
10
k
2
=1
:
k
V
2
=1
:
45
k
2
whereTisthetemperature(K)andR
u
is the universal gas constant (8.3143
J.(mol.K)
-1
).
A particle of dry biomass (A) preheated to a temperature of 150
C enters a
torrefaction reactor. It is heated at a rate of approximately 20
C per minute to
a final torrefaction temperature of 270
C and is then held there for 20 min.
Plot the weight loss of the particle and the mass of all pseudocomponents
as a function of time.
PROJECTS
P12.1
The improvement in biomass quality depends on the severity of the thermal
pretreatment. In increasing order of severity, treatments that can be used
include drying, torrefaction, and charcoal production. Which of these treat-
ments would be most appropriate for the following applications:
Large-scale cofiring in pulverized coal-fired boilers
Gasification for production of syngas
Reduction of iron ores in a blast furnace
Work out each case in detail and justify your choices.
P12.2
One of the greatest advantages of torrefaction is the reduction in the energy
required in grinding the biomass. Conceptualize and design an apparatus that
can measure the energy required in grinding.
REFERENCES
Arias B, Pevida C, Fermoso J, Plaza MG, Rubiera F, Pis JJ. Influence of torrefaction on the grind-
ability and reactivity of woody biomass. Fuel Processing Technology 2008;89(2):169-175.
Ben HX, Ragauskas AJ. Torrefaction of Loblolly pine. Green Chemistry 2012;14(1):72-76.
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