Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Boehmite alumina in a conventional fluid catalytic cracker, modified to suit solid
biomass feedstocks. In 2012, the company claimed to have started up a 500 t
d
-1
day facility in the United States (see US patent 2010,0105,970 A1).
11.9 OIL APPLICATIONS
The oil produced can be used locally (decentralized) for, e.g., the production of
heat and power. It is also possible to transport the oils from many/several small-scale
(decentralized) plants to central power production or a refinery facility. Figure 11.12
shows centralized and decentralized applications of bio-oil. Using liquefied biomass
in large-scale existing fossil feed facilities enables the integration of biomass with the
current fossil-based infrastructure. This route may speed up the introduction of bio-
mass in the energy mix because capital costs are reduced (making use of existing infra-
structure) and because existing products are made for existing markets. Liquefaction
is often projected as a technology for relatively small capacities of 5
50 tonnes per day
due to limited biomass availability and high transportation costs. Liquefaction can also
be practiced at a larger scale, for instance, near a sugar mill where up to 10
6
t
-
y
-1
of
biomass can be available.
Decentral
applications
Engine
Turbine
Boiler
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis
Central
refinery or
power production
Heat
Fuel
Pyrolysis
Chemicals
Power
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis
FIGURE 11.12
Decentralized and centralized applications of bio-oil. (Source: Reproduced
from Kersten and Garcia-Perez. Copyright (2013) with permission from Elsevier.)
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