Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
[m]
d
diameter (of pore)
mol
-1
]
E
a
activation energy
[J
s
-2
]
g
gravitational acceleration
[m
mol
-1
]
Δ
H
heat of reaction
[J
kg
-1
]
h
mass-specific enthalpy
[J
m
-2
K
-1
]
h
external heat transfer coefficient
[W
m
-2
K
-1
]
h
c
convective heat transfer coefficient
[W
[s
-1
]
k
apparent rate coefficient for mass loss
[s
-1
]
k
0
pre-exponential factor
m
mass
[kg]
mol
-1
]
mean molecular weight
[kg
MW
p
pressure
[Pa]
Q
heat flow
[W]
Py, Py
0
pyrolysis numbers
[
-
]
R
characteristic length
[m]
mol
-1
K
-1
]
R
u
universal gas constant (=8.3143)
[J
m
-3
s
-1
]
r
i
reaction rate of component i
[kg
T
temperature
[K]
t
time
[s]
s
-1
]
u
velocity in x-direction
[m
[m
3
]
V
volume
s
-1
]
v
velocity in y-direction
[m
ε
porosity
[
-
]
η
dynamic viscosity
[Pa.s]
m
-1
K
-1
]
λ
thermal conductivity
[W
ν
stoichiometric coefficient
[
-
]
m
-3
]
ρ
density
[kg
Boltzmann constant (=5.6704 × 10
-8
)
m
-2
K
-4
]
σ
Stefan
-
[W
τ
residence time
[s]
χ
degree of biomass conversion defined by Equation (11.23)
[
-
]
ω
emissivity
[
-
]
Subscripts
ab
active biomass
b
biomass
c
char
g
gas
g + v
total volatiles
l
liquid
p
particle
r
reactor
s
solid
v
vapor
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