Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
4.1 Maps
Sinclair (
1999
) studying maps of the Gallipoli campaign stored at the National
Library of Australia and the Australian War Memorial archive identified a number
of map types:
• Maps produced by Australian Staff Officers;
• Captured German maps;
• Situation maps;
• Field sketches;
• Artillery maps;
• Intelligence maps; and
• Administrative maps.
As well as the military topographic maps identified by Sinclair (
1999
), addi-
tional geospatial artefacts were found during research at the Australian and
European archives listed earlier in this paper. These include:
• 3D
perspective
drawings
from
British
and
French
map
publishers
and
newspapers;
• General maps for consumption 'at home' that described the conflict in the
Dardenelles;
• Field interpretations and sketches reproduced via diazo printing methods;
• Field perspective drawings;
• Newspaper maps;
• Trench maps;
• 'Marked-up' topographic maps;
• Air photographs;
• Glass lantern slides used to brief troop commanders; and
• Annotated
maps—hand
annotations
of
commercially-published
'general
purpose' maps.
4.1.1 Allied Topographic Maps
The allies needed a topographic map of the Dardenelles. To produce this map they
used 1:25,000 Turkish maps, captured in a previous Balkans war, and reduced the
information therein to produce their 1:50,000 topographic map—the ''Orograph-
ical map of the Dardanelles'' (Fig.
3
).
Further topographic maps were made available, like the Survey of Egypt
1:20,000 series maps (Fig.
4
).
The first attempts to use aerial photography to construct original mapping took
place during the Gallipoli campaign. However, this was not entirely successful
(Dowson
1921
; cited in Collier
2002
). However, by the end of World War I aerial
