Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3-1. Levels of boreal mire research. Based primarily on Masing (1998); spatial resolution added by the
authors.
Discipline or
application
Level
Map scale
Resolution Subjects
Main methods
Clonal and
population
Plant clones and
tussocks, population
types, reproduction
(life) strategies
Direct measurements,
point quadrats, small
permanent plots,
cultivation and
replacement
experiments, study of
moss increment; study of
degeneration,
decomposition,
competition
Primary productivity
of moss layer and
single species,
population ecology
>
1 : 10
<
1 mm
Ceonotic
1 : 10 to
1 : 100
1 mm to
1 cm
Plant communities,
micro-associations,
synusia, etc.
Syntaxonomical units
Synecology, primary
productivity of plant
communities
Microstructural 1 : 100 to
1 : 1000
1 to 10 cm Pattern of mire
surface, microforms
(hummocks, hollows)
and compound
microforms
Measurement of
hydrological parameters,
large-scale plans, step
method, line-intercept
method
Modeling of mire
surface features,
primary productivity
and decomposition,
succession studies
Microtope or
coenocomplex
1 : 1000 to
1 : 10,000
10 cm to
1 m
Homogeneous
microtopes,
heterogeneous sites,
site types,
coenocomplexes
Hydrological
parameters, aerial
photography, large-scale
mapping, dendrometry
Large-scale mapping,
habitat conservation,
site evaluation for
forestry, berries,
cultivation, etc.
Mesotope or
mesostructural
1 : 10,000 to
1 : 100,000
1 to 10 m
Bog complexes and
other mire mesotopes;
landscape units; mire
(complex) types
Hydrological
parameters, satellite
imagery, transect
methods, stratigraphy
along transects
Mire hydrology, bog
mesotope modeling,
landscape ecology,
vegetation and
habitat mapping,
nature reserve
management; land
evaluation for peat,
forestry or agriculture
Macrotope or
macrostructural
1 : 100,000 to
1 : 1,000,000
10 to
100 m
Mire systems,
peatland basins;
landscape
classifi cation units
Hydrography and
geomorphology of mire
landscape, stratigraphy;
geographical mapping
based on topography,
satellite images, aerial
photographs, etc.
Regional
<
1 : 1,000,000
>
100 m
Mire regions, mire
provinces, mire
zones; regional units
Physical geography,
biogeography,
landscape ecology
3.2 Remote sensing
or detectors. For most situations involving wet-
lands, natural sunlight illuminates the scene.
Rel ected visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared
wavelengths are utilized to create images. In
some cases, emitted thermal infrared radiation
may be exploited for surface temperature meas-
urements. For a full discussion of remote sensing
methods, the reader is advised to consult recent
textbooks on the subject (e.g. Jensen 2007; Lille-
sand, Kiefer and Chipman 2008).
Aerial photography and satellite imagery are
examples of remote sensing; in other words,
collecting information about objects from a dis-
tance. Information is conveyed by the electro-
magnetic spectrum in visible and invisible
radiation that is rel ected or emitted from objects
on the ground, transmitted through the atmos-
phere, and collected by various types of cameras
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