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Figure 2-16. Salt marsh and swamp at the Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve (see Color Plate 2-16).
Panorama looking toward the southwest along the Atlantic coast of southeastern Maine, United States. A bridge on
Drakes Island Road (*) is part of a water-control structure that limits tidal l ow between the marine lagoon in the
background and marsh in the foreground. Notice the distinct vegetation zones, which rel ect variations in water
depth and salinity. Blimp airphoto by J.S. Aber, S.W. Aber and V. Valentine.
Table 2-1. Classii cation of wetlands and deep-water habitats utilized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Based
on Cowardin et al. (1979).
System
Subsystem
Class
System
Subsystem
Class
Marine
Subtidal
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic reef
Reef
Upper perennial
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Rocky shore
Unconsolidated shore
Intertidal
Aquatic bed
Reef
Rocky shore
Unconsolidated shore
Intermittent
Streambed
Lacustrine
Limnetic
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Estuarine
Subtidal
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Reef
Littoral
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Rocky shore
Unconsolidated shore
Emergent wetland
Intertidal
Aquatic bed
Reef
Streambed
Rocky shore
Unconsolidated shore
Emergent wetland
Scrub-shrub wetland
Forested wetland
Palustrine
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Unconsolidated shore
Moss-lichen wetland
Emergent wetland
Scrub-shrub wetland
Forested wetland
Riverine
Tidal
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Rocky shore
Unconsolidated shore
Emergent wetland
Lower perennial
Rock bottom
Unconsolidated bottom
Aquatic bed
Rocky shore
Unconsolidated shore
Emergent wetland
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