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such as the Tatra Mountains in Poland and
Slovakia (Fig. 14-14). The formerly glaciated
valleys of this range have many fragile alpine
wetlands. National parks on both sides of the
border provide high levels of environmental
protection, and all activities within the parks
are strictly controlled. Special permission is
required to step off designated paths and for
any type of scientii c study (Fig. 14-15). These
parks have become twenty-i rst-century meccas
for ecotourists seeking nature in a setting that
is relatively undisturbed compared with most
of Europe.
Figure 14-9. Estonian postage stamp recognizing
Matsalu Looduskaitseala (nature protection area; later
designated as a national park), which comprises an
estuary system at Matsalu Bay, many tiny islets, and the
adjacent mainland. Anser anser is the wild goose also
known as the greylag (graylag in U.S.) goose that was
the ancestor of domesticated geese in Europe and North
America. Original stamp printed in multiple colors.
Figure 14-10. Tourist observation tower under
construction on the margin of Valgesoo (White mire), a
small bog southeast of Tartu, Estonia. Photo by J.S.
Aber in 2000.
Figure 14-11. Fishing harbor at Władysławowo (left side) cuts off the long-shore l ow of sand from the west (left).
The beach in foreground must be maintained by pumping sand from the Baltic Sea l oor. Northern Poland; kite
aerial photo by J.S. Aber and D. Gał
ą zka.
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