Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.1. Description of the KBS LTER Main Cropping System Experiment
(MCSE).
a
Cropping System/
Community
Dominant Growth
Form
Management
Annual Cropping Systems
Conventional (T1)
Herbaceous annual
Prevailing norm for tilled corn-soybean-winter
wheat (c-s-w) rotation; standard chemical inputs,
chisel-plowed, no cover crops, no manure or compost
No-till (T2)
Herbaceous annual
Prevailing norm for no-till c-s-w rotation;
standard chemical inputs, permanent no-till, no
cover crops, no manure or compost
Reduced Input (T3)
Herbaceous annual
Biologically based c-s-w rotation managed to
reduce synthetic chemical inputs; chisel-plowed,
winter cover crop of red clover or annual rye, no
manure or compost
Biologically Based (T4)
Herbaceous annual
Biologically based c-s-w rotation managed without
synthetic chemical inputs; chisel-plowed, mechanical
weed control, winter cover crop of red clover or
annual rye, no manure or compost; certified organic
Perennial Cropping Systems
Alfalfa (T6)
Herbaceous perennial
5- to 6-year rotation with winter wheat as a
1-year break crop
Poplar (T5)
Woody perennial
Hybrid poplar trees on a ca. 10-year harvest
cycle, either replanted or coppiced after harvest
Coniferous Forest (CF)
Woody perennial
Planted conifers periodically thinned
Successional and Reference Communities
Early Successional (T7)
Herbaceous perennial
Historically tilled cropland abandoned in 1988;
unmanaged but for annual spring burn to control
woody species
Mown Grassland (never
tilled) (T8)
Herbaceous perennial
Cleared woodlot (late 1950s) never tilled,
unmanaged but for annual fall mowing to control
woody species
Mid-successional (SF)
Herbaceous annual +
woody perennial
Historically tilled cropland abandoned ca. 1955;
unmanaged, with regrowth in transition to forest
Deciduous Forest (DF)
Woody perennial
Late successional native forest never cleared (two
sites) or logged once ca. 1900 (one site); unmanaged
a
Site codes that have been used throughout the project's history are given in parentheses. Systems T1-T7 are
replicated within the LTER main site; others are replicated in the surrounding landscape. For further details, see
Robertson and Hamilton (2015, Chapter 1 in this volume).
The number of bird species present and the number of their vocalizations were
measured by listening to the acoustic samples and identifying each species' songs
and calls. Additionally, a bird species diversity index was calculated (Shannon and
Weaver 1963, Magurran 1988, Blair 1996, Hobson et al. 2002).
We recorded 43 bird species and 881 vocal activities (songs and calls) during the
2-month recording period. Species richness and the number of vocalizations varied
