Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 5-19 Natural capital:
some components and inter-
actions in an evergreen conifer-
ous ( boreal or taiga ) forest
ecosystem. When these organ-
isms die, decomposers break
down their organic matter
into minerals that plants use.
Colored arrows indicate trans-
fers of matter and energy be-
tween producers; primary con-
sumers (herbivores); secondary,
or higher-level, consumers (car-
nivores); and decomposers. Or-
ganisms are not drawn to scale.
The photo shows an evergreen
coniferous forest in Alaska's
Tongass National Forest.
Blue jay
Blue jay
Great
horned
owl
Great
horned
owl
Marten
Marten
Balsam fir
Balsam fir
Moose
Moose
White
spruce
White
spruce
Wolf
Wolf
Bebb
willow
Bebb
willow
Pine sawyer
beetle
and larvae
Pine sawyer
beetle
and larvae
Snowshoe
hare
Snowshoe
hare
Fungi
Fungi
Starflower
Starflower
Bunchberry
Bunchberry
Bacteria
Bacteria
Producer
to primary
consumer
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
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