NORTH AMERICAN OIL SANDS: HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT, PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE - Energy Research Developments: Tidal Energy, Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy - page 309

[6] Canada's Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015, An Energy Market
Assessment, National Energy Board, Canada, May 2004, p. 5.
[7] API represents the American Petroleum Institute method for specifying the density of
crude petroleum. Also called API gravity.
[8] Diluents are usually any lighter hydrocarbon; e.g., pentane is added to heavy crude or
bitumen in order to facilitate pipeline transport.
[9] Canada's Oil Sands, May 2004, p. 10.
[10] Canada's Oil Sands, May 2004, p. 4
[11] DOE, EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2006, p. 29
[12] Canada's Oil Sands, NEB, June 2006.
[13] World Energy Investment Outlook, 2003 Insights, International Energy Agency (IEA),
2003.
[14] Canadian Oil Sands, May 2004, p. 25.
[15] The U.S.-Canadian dollar exchange rate fluctuates daily. As of early October 2007 the
exchange rate is U.S.$1 = C$0.9969. In December 2006 the exchange rate was U.S.$1 =
C$1.15.
[16] Oil Industry Update, Alberta Economic Development, Spring 2005.
[17] Oil shale is a compact rock (shale) containing organic matter capable of yielding oil.
[18] U.S. Tar-Sand Oil Recovery Projects — 1984, L.C. Marchant, Western Research
Institute, Laramie, WY, p. 625.
[19] Hydrocarbon-wetted oil sand deposits require different technology for bitumen
extraction than that used for Alberta's water-wetted deposits. Oil sands are characterized
as having a wet interface between the sand grain and the oil coating; this allows for the
separation of oil from the grain. U.S. oil sands do not have a wet interface making the
separation difficult.
[20] Phone communication with B. Tripp, Geologist, Utah Geological Survey, May 2004.
[21] Phone communication with Richard Meyers, Department of the Interior specialist in oil
sands, September 2004.
[22] Presentation by Earth Energy Resources, Inc., at the Western U.S. Oil Sands
Conference, University of Utah, September 21, 2006.
[23] Development of America's Strategic Unconventional Fuels Resources, Initial Report to
the President and the Congress of the United States, Task Force on Strategic
Unconventional Fuels, September 2006.
[24] The measured pace is based on sufficient private investment capital as a result of
government policies but little direct government investment. An accelerated pace would
imply a global oil supply shortage and rely more on significant government investment.
[25] Development of America's Strategic Unconventional Fuels Resources, Initial Report to
the President and the Congress of the United States, Reference no. 17.
[26] The ARC was established in 1921, housed at the University of Alberta in Edmonton,
and funded by the provincial government of Alberta. Its mandate was to document
Alberta's mineral and natural resources. Today, the ARC is a wholly-owned subsidiary
of the Alberta Science and Research Authority (ASRA) within Alberta's Ministry of
Innovation and Science. The ARC has an annual budget of $85 million.