Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
3.5 % of the total fossil fuel put into the market in 2010. RES projections for RES
used in transport involve the use of biodiesel (1880 ktoe), bioethanol (600 ktoe),
and RES electricity (369 ktoe).
Latvia The Latvian NREAP expects to reach the RES target of 40 % by 59.8 % in
electricity consumption, 53.4 % in heat consumption, and 10 % in transport con-
sumption. The electricity sector has as a main barrier to the development of RES
the access to the network, which is not priority for RES and the expense to access
the network lies with the RES developers. RES electricity sector lies mainly on
hydro and biomass. The heating and cooling sector is supported by new tax mea-
sures and projects are funded by European structural funds in the form of direct
funds that contribute to approximately 25 % of total costs. The 53.5 % goal in heat
consumption consists of 51.4 % biomass, 1.9 % biogas, and 0.1 % solar thermal. In
the transport sector, Latvia promotes biofuels through direct support measures and
fiscal measures. Most biofuels are derived from rapeseed oil. RES used in transport
consumption are biodiesel (28 ktoe), bioethanol (18 ktoe), RES electricity (6 ktoe),
and others (31 ktoe).
Lithuania The Lithuanian NREAP has divided the 24 % overall target of energy
from RES in 21.3 % in electricity consumption, 39.2 % in heat consumption, and
10 % in transport consumption. The electricity sector is driven primarily by wind,
although the Lithuanian government plans to boost solar and cogeneration installa-
tions with appropriate policies. The Lithuanian NREAP with regard to the heating
and cooling sector does not provide any specific measures of support, but only
one set of laws and rules that must be implemented in the coming years. Biomass
(36.3 %), biogas (1.9 %), RES from heat pumps (0.5 %), solar thermal (0.3 %), and
geothermal (0.2 %) will contribute to achieving the expected quota of 39.2 % in heat
consumption. The transport sector will be driven by biodiesel (131 ktoe), bioethanol
(36 ktoe), and RES electricity (3 %).
Luxembourg The Luxembourgish NREAP plans to achieve the overall target of
11 % RES by 11.8 % renewable electricity, 8.5 % in heating and cooling, and 10 %
RES in transport. The RES electrical industry should be driven mainly by wind and
biomass. With regard to the heating and cooling sector, the NREAP provides a list
of possible tools to support the sector, but there are no specific policy measures that
aim at ambitious growth rates. The 8.5 % in heat consumption is reached through
the use of biomass (5.5 %), RES from heat pumps (1.3 %), biogas (1.1 %), and solar
thermal (0.6 %). According to the NREAP, the percentage of RES in the transport
sector will increase by 2.1 % in 2010 to 10 % in 2020, through the use of bioethanol
(23 ktoe) and biodiesel (193 ktoe).
Malta The Maltese NREAP splits the target of 10 % energy from RES in 13.8 %
RES electricity, 6.2 % in heating and cooling, and 10.7 % RES in transport. The
electricity industry scenario with regard to RES with priority is based on wind and
biomass. The Maltese government has not introduced specific measures in relation
to the RES and the construction of new buildings, leaving most of the initiative at the
discretion of individuals. The projections in heat consumption refer to solar thermal
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