Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
18.00
16.00
100% Sequential Surfactant flooding
14.00
Simuitaneous Surfactant flooding
12.00
50% Sequential Surfactant flooding
10.00
100% Sequential Nano flooding
8.00
Simuitaneous nano flooding
6.00
50% Sequential nano flooding
4.00
Simuitaneous Surfactant- nano
flooding
2.00
0.00
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Number of injected pore volumes
Figure 4.5
Displacement Efficiency using SMART EOR in oil-wet carbonate core plugs.
Comparison between EK-assisted nanoflooding and EK-assisted surfactant-flooding (at
room temperature).
Displacement Efficiency as a Function of Pore Volume Injected
70.000
60.000
50.000
Oil wet 100% sequential Nano
flooding
Oil wet Simutaneous nano
flooding
Oil wet 50% sequential nano
flooding
Water wet sequential nano flood
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
Water wet simutaneous nano flood
0.000
0
5
10
15 20
Number of injected pore volumes
25
30
35
40
45
50
Figure 4.6
Displacement Efficiency in water-wet vs. oil-wet carbonate core plugs using
EK-assisted nano-flooding as a function of injected pore volume (at room temperature)
highest displacement efficiency of 41% was observed in oil-wet core plugs
at room temperature when SMART EOR was applied using EK-assisted
nano-flooding in conjunction with surfactant and low concentration acid.
The simultaneous flooding reduces nanoparticles/surfactant and water
consumption by 76% resulting in lower costs of CAPEX and OPEX.
Additionally, the small amount of surfactant used reduces adverse environ-
mental impact as it can be easily disposed. However, an increased amount
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