Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER 6
Genetically Encoded Probes for
Measurement of Intracellular Calcium
Michael Whitaker
Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences
Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Abstract
I. Introduction
II. Genetically Encoded Sensors
A. The Cameleon Family
B. Camgaroos
C. Pericam G-CaMP Family
III. Applications of Genetically Encoded Sensors
A. Targeting to Subcellular Locations
B. Tissue-Specific Expression
IV. Use of Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensors
V. Conclusions
References
Abstract
Small, fluorescent, calcium-sensing molecules have been enormously useful in
mapping intracellular calcium signals in time and space, as chapters in this volume
attest. Despite their widespread adoption and utility, they su
er some disadvan-
tages. Genetically encoded calcium sensors that can be expressed inside cells by
transfection or transgenesis are desirable. The last 10 years have been marked by a
rapid evolution in the laboratory of genetically encoded calcium sensors both
figuratively and literally, resulting in 11 distinct configurations of fluorescent
proteins and their attendant calcium sensor modules. Here, the design logic and
performance of this abundant collection of sensors and their
in vitro
and
in vivo
use and performance are described. Genetically encoded calcium sensors have
proved valuable in the measurement of calcium concentration in cellular
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