Examples of Finite Element Models of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges - Finite Element Analysis and Design of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges - page 611

global analysis. The authors considered that in the latter cross-sectional anal-
ysis, the properties of the concrete component were based on an effective
width calculated using proposed analytic expressions presented in the study.
It was shown that the proposed approach was capable of handling different
loading conditions, such as constant uniformly distributed loads, envelopes
of transverse actions due to traffic loads, support settlements, and concrete
shrinkage. These analytic expressions were obtained based on the results
of a parametric study performed by means of the finite element formulation
described in the first part of the study. The accuracy of the proposed
approach was validated for a typical four-span bridge with constant cross sec-
tion throughout its length against the results obtained based on the finite ele-
ment method. In addition, a case study of a bridge with varying cross section
was considered to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
A new type of beam-to-beam joint used to connect continuously com-
posite beams in small- and medium-span bridges was proposed by Somja
et al. [ 7.19 ]. The proposed joint was realized by encasing totally the two
composite beam ends into a massive composite reinforced concrete block.
A direct contact between the ends of the bottom flanges of the steel girders
over the support ensured the transfer of the compression forces. The authors
designed and fabricated a half-scale joint specimen. The specimen was tested
under fatigue loading and monotonically increased loading up to the spec-
imen failure. A numerical finite element model was developed. And the
numerical results were compared against the experimental results. In addi-
tion, a parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of key
parameters governing the joint behavior. The influence of the behavior
of this type of joint on the global analysis of a continuous composite beam
was studied. Furthermore, a worked example of a two-span continuous rail-
way bridge was presented and effects of intermediate beam-to-beam joint
characteristics on the bridge behavior were discussed. The authors devel-
oped a 2-D finite element model involving beams and springs. The model
reproduced the moment-rotation curve and the slip distribution along the
beam. The 2-D model was developed with FineLg software [ 7.20 ]. The
software is a general nonlinear finite element program first written by Frey
[ 7.21 ] and mainly developed by de Ville de Goyet [ 7.22 ] . Specific concrete
beam elements were developed by Boeraeve [ 7.23 ] . The beam elements
were able to simulate structures undergoing large displacements but small
deformations and they were developed using a corotational total description.
A 2-D Bernoulli fiber beam element with three nodes and seven degrees
of

freedom was considered. The total number of degrees of freedom