Finite Element Analysis of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges - Finite Element Analysis and Design of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges - page 504

Uniaxial
tension

s 2

Crack detection surface

s 1

Uniaxial compression

Biaxial
tension

Compression surface

Biaxial compression

Figure 5.20 Yield and failure surfaces in plane stress as given in ABAQUS [1.29].

q
σ

u
c

2

Crack detection surface

Compression surface

1

p
σ

2 3

1

u
c

Figure 5.21 Yield and failure surfaces in the (p-q) plane as given in ABAQUS [1.29].

to be the most important aspect of the behavior, and representation of crack-
ing and of postcracking behavior dominates the modeling. Cracking is
assumed to occur when the stress reaches a failure surface that is called
the “crack detection surface.” This failure surface is a linear relationship
between the equivalent pressure stress, p , and the Mises equivalent deviatoric
stress, q ; see Figure 5.21 . When a crack has been detected, its orientation is