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y
P
2
P
1
1
2
x
(a)
One-dimensional (bar or truss) element
y
y
P
y
3
P
y
4
4
P
y
3
3
3
P
x
4
P
x
3
P
x
3
P
y
1
P
y
2
P
y
2
P
y
1
P
x
1
1
2
P
x
2
x
2
P
x
2
x
P
x
1
1
Triangle
Quadrilateral
(b)
Two-dimensional (plane stress or plane strain) elements
y
y
y
8
6
7
4
4
5
4
3
5
3
3
6
1
1
1
x
x
x
2
2
2
Tetrahedron
Triangular prism
Cubic prism
(c)
Linear 3D solid elements
y
y
y
8
1
5
16
20
12
6
7
4
5
4
13
11
10
15
4
10
11
19
5
13
17
8
9
14
7
6
3
3
12
3
9
14
1
1
1
x
x
x
8
7
18
6
5
9
10
2
2
2
Quadratic tetrahedron
Quadratic triangular prism
Quadratic cubic prism
(d)
Quadratic 3D solid elements
Figure 5.3 Element types commonly used in metal structures.
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