Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Flange
Web
Stiffener
A
End post
A
Elevation
Flange
t
f
Stiffener
t
h
w
Web
t
f
b
f
Section A-A
Figure 3.19 Definition of symbols for steel plate girders.
a bridge will achieve. This results in a range of uniform temperature changes,
which, in an unrestrained structure, would result in a change in element
length. The following effects should be taken into account: the restraint
of associated expansion or contraction due to the type of construction
(e.g., portal frame, arch, and elastomeric bearings); the friction at roller or
sliding bearings; nonlinear geometric effects (second-order effects); and,
for railway bridges, the interaction effects between the track and the bridge
due to the variation of the temperature of the deck and of the rails that may
induce supplementary horizontal forces in the bearings (and supplementary
forces in the rails). Minimum shade air temperature (
T
min
) and maximum
shade air temperature (
T
max
) for the site shall be derived from isotherms.
The minimum and maximum uniform bridge temperature components
T
e.min
and
T
e.max
should be determined. EC1 specifies the recommended
values for
T
e.min
and
T
e.max
.
shade air temperatures for the site location shall be obtained, for example, from
national maps of isotherms. Information onminimum andmaximum shade air
temperatures to be used in a country may be found in its National Annex.
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