Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER
3
Applied Loads and Stability
of Steel and Steel-Concrete
Composite Bridges
3.1 GENERAL REMARKS
The brief introduction of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges pre-
sented in
Chapter 1
and the revision of the nonlinear material behavior of
the main bridge components presented in
Chapter 2
provide a useful back-
ground on bridges and the material behavior of the components of the
bridges. It is now possible to detail applied loads acting on steel and
steel-concrete composite bridges, which is highlighted in this chapter.
This chapter presents different loads acting on railway and highway bridges
and the stability of the bridges when subjected to these loads. The chapter
starts by showing the dead loads of steel and steel-concrete composite brid-
ges that are initially estimated for the design of bridges. Then, the chapter
presents the live loads from traffic as specified in the American and
European codes. After that, the chapter presents the calculation of hori-
zontal loads and other loads acting on the bridges such as centrifugal forces,
seismic loading, collision forces, and temperature effects. In addition, the
chapter presents the load combinations specified in the current codes of
practice to predict the worst case of loading for the calculation of different
straining actions in the bridge components. Furthermore, different design
approaches specified in the current codes of practice are highlighted in this
chapter. Finally, the chapter addresses the main issues related to the stability
of steel and steel-concrete composite plate girder and truss bridges such as
buckling behavior of compression members, stability of thin-walled steel
plate girders, lateral torsional buckling, and composite plate girder behav-
ior. Once again, when highlighting the main issues related to the stability
of the bridge components, it intends to review and present the issues based
on the design rules specified in the current codes of practice, with partic-
ular focus on the Eurocode as an example. Overall, the author hopes that
this chapter paves the way to the design examples of different bridge
components presented in
Chapter 4
.
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