Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 8.8
Mean seedling
heights achieved during
the fi rst year by six
species of forest tree
when planted in steam-
sterilized soil (no
mycorrhiza - dotted
lines), or in soil
inoculated with early-
successional (dashed
lines) or late-
successional (solid
lines) mycorrhizae. The
presence of mycor-
rhizae signifi cantly
increased seedling
growth after 1 year and
in four of the species it
was late-successional
mycorrhizae that had
the strongest facilitation
effect. (After Allen
et al., 2005.)
60
Caesalpinia violacea
80
Guazuma ulmifolia
50
60
40
40
30
20
20
10
0
Cochlospermum vitifolium
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Leucaena leucocephala
60
40
20
0
80
Gliricidia sepium
Piscidia piscipula
40
60
30
40
20
20
10
0
Sept
1998
Nov
Dec
Apr
1999
Sept
1998
Nov
Dec
Apr
1999
Old Meadows
Meadow 1
Meadow 2
Pollinators
Plants
Restored Meadows
Meadow 3
Meadow 4
Pollinators
Plants
Fig. 8.9
Flower visitation webs for four neighboring hay meadows in southwest England, two of which retain their ancient
plant community while the others have been actively restored. Plant species are shown as rectangles at the base of each
web, insects are shown above, and interactions between them are shown as connecting lines. The relative abundance of each
species is indicated by the width of its rectangle, and the frequency of each interaction is indicated by the width of the line.
Hymenoptera (bees and wasps) are shown in black. (After Forup & Memmott, 2005.)
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