Chilean Salmon Farming on the Horizon of Sustainability: Review of the Development of a Highly Intensive Production, the ISA Crisis and Implemented Actions to Reconstruct a More Sustainable Aquaculture Industry - Aquaculture and the Environment: A Shared Destiny - page 231

use of vaccines to prevent the disease was necessary (Table 4). Thus, in April 2009, a Chilean
pharmaceutical laboratory obtained a provisional registration to commercialize the first
vaccine against ISAv, which has been sold since June of that year. There are currently 12
commercial vaccines registered to be used against ISAv in the domestic market (SAG, 2011).

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Disease

IPN 38,390,234 48,639,681 16,931,232 93,356,750 145,140,655 379,817,821

IPN,SRS 248,769 - - 18,889,551 35,086,897 61,977,044

IPN,SRS, Vibriosis 251,539 - 10,524,627 36,141,507 53,851,414 74,438,348

IPN, SRS, Vibriosis,
Atypical furunculosis

- - 16,704,008 46,689,055 19,684,380 13,106,428

IPN-Atypical furunculosis 7,840,849 4,590,883 - - - -

IPN, Vibriosis 64,732,058 64,423,621 25,791,390 20,395,269 1,282,166 40,880,625

IPN, Vibriosis,
Atypical furunculosis

31,762,691 23,010,340 12,412,470 3,859,378 4,228,818 885,332

ISA - - - - 11,430,448 38,599,867

IPN, Vibriosis, Atypical
furunculosis, SRS, ISA

- - - - - 8,036,670

IPN, Vibriosis, SRS, ISA - - - - - 15,634,191

SRS 27,842,546 29,926,809 16,340,430 35,439,138 41,904,431 69,057,300

SRS, BKD nd nd nd nd nd 10,681,601

BKD nd nd nd nd nd 770,444

Yersiniosis/ Columnaris
disease

54,400,781 18,883,786 7,037,977 30,255,690 1,333,973 6,400,000*

Other 505,136 - 4,814,978 2,727,235 14,545,613 1,008,187

nd: no data available; *only doses against Yersinia

Table 4. Number of vaccine doses used in Chile during 2005-2010.

3.3 Antibiotics and chemotherapeutants in Chilean aquaculture
Within the national policy regarding the use of antibiotics, procedures for control and
prevention of diseases are established. Nevertheless, these measures are general and there is
a legislative gap in this area. Currently, with the amendments of the regulatory framework a
number of changes in this area will be established. A program of surveillance of good
practices in the use of antibiotics is being generated, aiming to improve antibiotic use in the
country and to detect patterns in the use of these compounds (San Martin, 2010). In relation
to the use of antibiotics in Chile, a decline in the use of quinolones and fluoroquinolones
(oxolinic acid and flumequine, respectively), and an increase in the use of florfenicol has
been observed in recent years, Table 5 (San Martin et al., 2010).

During the years 2005-2009, the use of other antibiotics have been relatively stable, with
significant use of oxytetracycline, and a marginal share of sulfa/trimethoprim, and amoxicillin
(San Martin et al., 2010). The use of florfenicol, represented over 61% of the total of antibiotics
used in 2009. According to Sernapesca, piscirickettsiosis accounted for the highest diagnostic
number, using over 65% of the therapeutic stock. In Chile, there are 6 antibiotics approved for
use in aquaculture, this narrows the options when treatment is the choice. It is known that the
rotation of antibiotics is a low frequency practice in the Chilean salmon industry, which over