Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(b)
Figure 3.2.
(cont.)
the most SO
2
tolerant in Britain (Hawksworth & Rose
1970
; Laundon
1973
;
Seaward & Hitch
1982
). L. conizaeoides prefers acidic bark (Tønsberg
1992
; Wirth
1999
; Massara
2004
). It was formerly widespread in lowland areas of Europe
subjected to air pollution and reported from several eastern North American
cities and near sulphur springs in Iceland (Purvis et al.
1992
). Its occurrence
on birch (Betula) in Iceland near sulphur springs has been called into question
and is believed to reflect an unintentional introduction (Bailey
1968
; Laundon
2003
). Laundon (
2003
) considered the lichen to be exceptional for being
unknown before 1860. He studied many eighteenth and early nineteenth
century herbaria to locate early specimens without success. The earliest speci-
mens he recorded came from two disjunct areas. L. conizaeoides was originally
collected in England c. 1862 at Twycross, Leicestershire, by the Reverend
A. Bloxam (BM) at a time when the county was probably beginning to experience
the effects of background air pollution (Laundon
2003
). A second collection
was made in 1865 from larch (Larix) from Mittersill in the Salzach valley in
the Austrian Alps (Laundon
2003
). L. conizaeoides is probably native to southern
Central Europe where it grows in woods with dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo),
especially in boggy areas (Wirth
1985
). The species is believed to have reached
England by windborne propagules and was widespread by 1880 (Laundon
2003
).
cially track-side fences along the smoky, windy corridors created by steam
