Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
safety in road traffic
environment
vehicle
man
active safety
passive safety
external safety
internal safety
- stability of passenger seats
- supporting system
- internal oepration areas
- steering device
- occupants release
- fire prevention
- driving safety
- passenger safety
- range of vision
- service safety
- deformation
properties of the car
body
- shape of the car body
- smooth surface
Fig. 3.2
Elements of active and passive safety
the costs of the highly complex system are much higher than in the more simple
passive fitter systems.
Regular maintenance of LDVs is necessary after 90,000-100,000 km (55,890-
62,100 mi). Guarantee intervals for engines in Europe are limited to 200,000 km
(124,200 mi) or 2 years, depending on which limit is reached first [
17
].
3.1.2.3 Heavy-Duty Vehicles
In Europe, Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) have a GVWR over 12,000 kg. They
usually use a six cylinder self-ignition in-line engine with four valves per cylinder, a
Common-Rail direct injection system, a turbocharger and an Exhaust Gas Recir-
culation also often known as an Exhaust Gas Refeeding system. The cubic capacity is
on average between 12,000
and 13,000 cm
3
(0.42-0.46 ft
3
) and the maximum performance is 330-360 kW
(448-489 HP or 313-342 BTUs
-1
) in the range of 1,000-1,300 rpm [
18
].
The wheel distance amounts to 4.5-4.8 m (14.75-15.79 ft), the unloaded
weight to 12,000-12,500 kg (26,460-27,563 lb) and the GVWR to 25,000-
28,000 kg (55,125-61,740 lb). The tank volume contains about 600 l (21.20 ft
3
).
The fuel consumption is between 30.0 l (100 km)
-1
(7.84 mpg (US), i.e., 9.41
mpg (UK)) and 32.0 l (100 km)
-1
(7.35 mpg (US), i.e., 8.83 mpg (UK)) [
19
].
The power transmission is carried out with an automated 12 gear but newest
models contain a manual transmission up to 16 gears with a transmission factor of
4.0-5.0. The cubicle is usually equipped with four seats. Braking is carried out
using disc brakes [
20
].
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