Construction of Transportation Means - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 37

Table 3.5 CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption of average European cars
Class of car CO 2 emissions

gkm -1

Diesel fuel
consumption
l (100 km) -1

mpg US mpg UK

Low power 100-130 3.46-4.50 68.03-52.31 81.64-62.78

Middle class 130-180 4.50-6.23 52.31-37.78 62.78-45.34

Upper and SUV a

180-270 6.23-9.35 37.78-25.15 45.34-30.21

Land rovers 270-390 9.35-13.59 25.15-17.31 30.21-20.79

a

SUV sport utility vehicle

upper class cars have an engine cubic capacity of 5.0-5.5 l, i.e., 312.5-343.7 cu in,
and contain a 10 or 12 cylinder engine.
Fuel consumption parameters depend on the main construction parameters (see
Table 3.4 )[ 11 ].
Table 3.5 shows the average CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption measured
according to the New European Driving Cycle [ 12 ].
Best results (3.4 l (100 km) -1 , i.e., 69.2 mpg (US) and 83.08 mpg (UK)) can be
achieved with internal combustion engines in low-powered cars, using a turbo-
charged, three cylinder 30 kW (41 HP) self ignition engine [ 13 ].
A middle class car powered by natural gas uses 4.0-5.0 kg (8.8-11.0 lb) of
natural gas per 100 km (62.15 mi) and emits 100-140 g of CO 2 per km (5.68-
7.95 oz mi -1 ). Natural gas-powered cars emit 20% less CO 2 than cars with fossil
fuel combustion in the engine [ 14 ].

3.1.2.2 Light Duty Vehicles

Light duty vehicles are on average 7-8 m (22.95-26.23 ft) long, 2.5-3.0 m (8.20-
9.84 ft) high, 2.0-2.5 m (6.56-8.20 ft) wide, have a GVWR of 5.0-5.5 t (11,023-
12,128 lb) and can carry 13-15 m 3 (9.95-11.47 yd 3 , i.e., 458.9-529.5 ft 3 )of

freight [ 15 ].
The fuel combustion and exhaust gas emissions of LDVs are between cars and
HDVs.
The cold start at temperature of 20C (68F) should not last longer than 15 s.
Electrically heated radiators or burners can lead to lower fuel consumption and
emission especially in very cold weather [ 16 ].
In Europe, modern LDVs have to meet the requirements of the exhaust gas
norm Euro 5 and they will have to meet the Euro 6 norm in 2014. These directives
require special exhaust gas after treatment systems. The passive filter system
consists of a filter and a catalyst module without electronics and an engine control
system. It removes about 70% of particles. Active filter systems are always con-
nected to the Engine Control Unit to be regenerated as required by the cleaning
process. The filtering rate in active filter is better than in passive filters; however,