Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.14
HFO marine fuel gels at 20C (68F)
Parameters
Types
Temperature
Values
C
(F)
max. 180 (193.7 9 10
-5
)
Kinematic
viscosity
cSt (ft
2
RME
50
(122)
max. 380 (408.9 9 10
-5
)
RMG
50
(122)
s
-1
)
max. 700 (735.2 9 10
-5
)
RMK
50
(122)
Density
kg m
-3
RME
15
(59)
max. 991 (61.87)
(lb ft
-3
)
RMG
15
(59)
max. 991 (61.87)
RMK
15
(59)
max. 1 010 (63.05)
Ignition temperature
C( F)
RME
min. 60 (140)
RMG
min. 60 (140)
RMK
min. 60 (140)
2.5 Summary and Recommendations: Fuels in Transportation
More than 95% of the fuels used in transportation are fossil fuels, despite fast
growing prices. The aim is to decrease the proportion of fossil fuels in ship navi-
gation to 80% worldwide by 2020.
Fossil fuel consumption can be significantly reduced through the use of pure
biogenic fuels of the first generation, like biologically produced diesel and FAME,
but the substitution would require substantially higher costs than consuming
conventional fuels. Second-generation biogenic fuels such as alcohols promise to
be cheaper but are still under development and used only in few countries like
Brazil. The third generation uses gasification of organic wastes and synthesis by
the Fischer-Tropsch reaction and can be produced more economically than the first
two generations. In the long term, the most economic solution is the production of
BTL from waste biomass or algae.
Synthetic fuels are produced from coal and natural gas. South Africa (CTL) and
Qatar (GTL) are the most important producers [
55
].
2.5.1 Fuels in Road Transportation
About 90% of fuels are consumed in road transport, only approximately 10% are
consumed in other sectors of transportation. From this first amount, about 65% of
the total fuel consumption in road transportation is used in passenger car
transportation. The EU Commission has the aim of increasing the proportion of
biogenic fuels in transportation to 20% by 2020 [
56
].
The use of biogenic and synthetic fuels is only in the growing phase at present,
but they have to gain a higher proportion in the future fuel supply. Great interest is
expected in all regions of the world.
Synthetic fuels are produced from coal and natural gas with the Fischer-
Tropsch synthesis. Biogenic and synthetic fuels require the same infrastructure and
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