Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.3
Unleaded petrol reference fuel in the EU
Parameter
Unit
Euro 4
Euro 5 and 6
Octane
RON/MON
95/98
95/98
RVP
a
kPa
(tonf ft
-2
)
56-60
(0.52-0.56)
50-60
(0.47-0.56)
kg m
-3
(lb ft
-3
)
Density at 15C
748-775
(44.21-45.8)
743-756
(46.4-47.2)
Distillation at 100C (212F)
% vol
50-58
48-60
Distillation at 150C (302F)
% vol
83-89
82-90
FBP
b
C
(F)
190-210
(374-410)
190-210
(374-410)
Aromatics
% vol
29-35
29-35
Olefins
% vol
B10
3-13
Benzene
% vol
B1
B1
Oxygen
% mass
B1
Ethanol only
Sulfur
ppm
B10
B10
g l
-1
(oz gal
-1
)
Lead
B0.005
6.7 9 10
-4
B0.005
6.7 9 10
-4
(US)
(US)
8.0 9 10
-4
8.0 9 10
-4
(UK)
(UK)
g l
-1
(oz gal
-1
)
Phosphorus
B1.3
0.17 (US)
0.21 (UK)
B1.3
0.17 (US)
0.21 (UK)
Ethanol
% vol
-
4.7-5.3
a
RVP reid vapor pressure
b
FBP final boiling point
Similar to gasoline, national norms contain the requirements for diesel oil. In
Europe, the norm EN 590 determines the quality of diesel fuel [
12
].
The main characteristics of diesel fuel are contained in Table
2.5
.
In Sweden and in California, environmental friendly diesel fuels are stipulated
in tax terms in order to reduce pollutant emissions. They are produced at the end of
the distillation process, when the content of aromatic hydrocarbons is reduced and
the sulfur content is largely eliminated [
13
].
However, the use of these fuels can lead to considerable problems because of
the low lubrication, which is the main reason for wear of the injection valves. In
environmentally friendly diesel fuels, special additives are necessary to avoid
damage.
2.2.3 Reference Fuels
Diesel reference fuels are used, just as reference gasoline fuels in spark ignition
engines, for the process of the Type approval (TA) of self-ignition engines.
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