Fuels in Transportation - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 14

Table 2.1 Physical properties of liquids

Substance Density Melting point Boiling point

gcm -3 (oz in -3 )

C (F) C (F)

Gasoline/petrol 0.72-0.75 0.42-0.43 -50 to -30 -58 to -22 25-210 77-410

Diesel 0.81-0.85 0.47-0.49 -30 -22 150-360 302-680

Methanol 0.79 0.46 -98 -145 65 149

Ethanol 0.79 0.46 -117 -179 78.5 173

Fuel oil &0.83 &0.48 -10 14 [175 [347

Flax oil 0.93 0.54 -15 5 316 601

Petroleum 0.76-0.86 0.44-0.50 -70 -94 [150 [302

Lubrication oil 0.91 0.53 ±0 32 300 572

Silicone oil 0.76-0.98 0.44-0.57 - - - -

Water 1.00 0.58 ±0 32 100 212

2.2.1 Gasoline

Different national and regional norms fix the minimum requirements of gasoline
(term in the USA) or petrol (term in the UK) or Otto fuel (term in other parts of
Europe). In Europe, the requirements are laid out in the norm EN 228 [ 6 ].
The main characteristics of gasoline are contained in Table 2.2 .

2.2.1.1 Environmental Friendly Gasoline and Additives

Environmentally friendly products ensure optimal burning characteristics and
pollutant emissions [ 7 ]. They contain a low concentration of aromatic hydrocar-
bons, benzene, and sulfur and have low vapor pressure as well as a low boiling end
point.
Additives in environmentally friendly fuels are required by law in the USA to
protect injection systems [ 8 ].

2.2.1.2 Reference Fuels

Directives require reference fuels for driving certification in Type approvals (TAs).
Emission limits depending on the fuel type are strictly regulated in all regions of
the world.
The Euro 5 and Euro 6 norms are part of the EU committee overseeing the
implementation (see Table 2.3 [ 9 ]).
The American Society for Testing and Materials D439 (ASTM) specifies the
norms for gasoline in the USA [ 10 ]. Table 2.4 presents the gasoline reference fuel
in the USA for vehicles with a spark ignition engine.