Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
16.8.3 Costs in Maritime Shipping
The costs per ton or nautical mile are the lowest in maritime shipping. Larger ships
have lower costs. That is why ships in both ocean and inland navigation are
becoming larger.
The costs of ships similar to airplane's cost structure can be divided into TOC,
DOC, and IOC. The TOC depends on type, construction, performance, and on
inbuilt electronic equipment. Technical measures to decrease TOC usually
improve the hydrodynamics and aerodynamics of ships in water and in the air and
improve engine, propulsion, and construction. Effective inspection and mainte-
nance generally save fuel and costs.
Port infrastructure and connection of ports to their hinterland with rail and road
networks also influence shipping costs.
Considering developing fuel prices and CO 2 taxes, fuel consumption and
exhaust gas emissions must be lowered in the future. Improving maneuvering and
approaching routes near harbors and reducing waiting times at harbors also
increase economy.
Expected, that in the future, harbor fees will be partly based on exhaust gas
emissions. Not only CO 2 emitted by combustion, but also hydrocarbons belong to
GHG. Optimal bunkering and refueling processes are also very important. Other
climate protecting measures come from using shore power in harbors for energy
and cooling. This is the ''green'' power source from land produced by electric
utility companies instead of the ship's engines.
The problem is very similar to aviation. Airplanes must be supplied by GPU, a
specific type of ''shore power'', at airports. In the future, shore power can be
generated by renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, or geo-
thermal energy, depending on the local geography and infrastructure. However, the
price of renewable energy for this type of energy generation is still high. Common
taxation and promotion of shore power technology produced by renewable energy
is in development.
References
1. Running
Dry.
The
Economist.
http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/06/oil-
production-and-consumption
2. Crude oil. Uncertainty about future oil supply makes it important to develop a strategy for
addressing a peak and decline in oil production. GAO, Feb 2007. http://www.gao.gov/
new.items/d07283.pdf
3. Benzin ist in Europa am teuersten. ADAC Motorwelt. No. 8/2008, pp 8. http://www.adac.de
4. Renewable Energy as a Hedge against Fuel Price Fluctuation. http://www.cec.org/Storage/62/
5461_QA06.11-RE%20Hedge_en.pdf
5. Chemoluminescence
Measurement
of
NO/NO x
in
Gas-Analysis.
http://www.k2bw.com/
chemiluminescence.htm
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