Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
8.0
HL
6.0
level education
HL
4.0
2.0
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
year
HL: High Losses (Developing countries)
LL: Low Losses (Scandinavian countries)
Fig. 16.6
Current and predicted traffic fatalities in the world
have the best infrastructure, present the highest safety on roads with 3.5 fatalities
per thousand million km, i.e., 2.17 fatalities per thousand million mi (see Fig.
16.6
).
Lead emissions have been successfully reduced. Calculations show a positive
trend, thanks to the increasing introduction of lead-free fuels. The forecast is less
favorable for other pollutants because the total number of cars is increasing and
emission controls which are technically possible have not been universally
adopted. Outside Europe and Japan, people do not treat noise as a health risk
despite the increasing standard of living.
One of possible ways is the increasing intelligency of road vehicles. Self-
diagnosis provides visible results on-board. Visualization of dynamic driving
character in driving schools can contribute to an improvement in driving behavior
and to a long-term improvement in traffic safety.
16.4.3 Environment and Climate Protection
Reducing fuel consumption limits climate change. Efficient cars are important for
saving energy. They can reduce the dependence on oil imports and its associated
geopolitical risks [
13
].
The estimation of the speed of climate change over time is the biggest unsolved
problem of climate predictions. Newest environmental conceptions require CO
2
limits for new cars at 120 g km
-1
, i.e., 4.23 oz km
-1
or 6.81 oz mi
-1
by 2012,
80 g km
-1
, i.e., 2.82 oz km
-1
or 4.54 oz mi
-1
by 2020 and 60 g km
-1
,
i.e., 2.12 oz km
-1
or 3.408 oz mi
-1
by 2025. Further requirements are penalties of
€150, i.e., US $214.5 for each surplus 1 g km
-1
, i.e., 35.3 9 10
-3
oz km
-1
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