Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.1 Comparison of the fuel consumption of different means of transportation in metric
energy units per tons and kilometers, and in british thermal units per short tons and miles
Means of
transportation
Local passenger traffic
Overland passenger
traffic
Freight transportation
Fuel consumption
Fuel consumption
Fuel consumption
kJ
(t km) -1
(BTU
(sht mi) -1 )
kJ
(t km) -1
(BTU
(sht mi) -1 )
kJ
(t km) -1
(BTU
(sht mi) -1 )
Passenger car a
2,595.7
(3,597.6)
2,633.1
(3,619.5)
-
Long distance
bus b
-
811.3
(1,124.5)
Public service bus
1,192.4
(1,652.7)
-
-
Railway
-
757.6
(1,050.0)
386.9
(536.2)
Airplane c
-
3,116.8
(4,319.9)
4,503.1
(6,241.3)
Light duty vehicle
-
-
1,434.1
(1,987.7)
HDV (40 t,
88.2 lb))
-
-
1,176.6
(1,630.8)
Inland ship d
-
865.0
(1,198.9)
Ferry
-
1,678.1
(2,325.8)
Fast ferry e
2,366.4
(3,279.8)
Seagoing ship f
-
-
564.2
(782.0)
a
Mid-sized car with four-stroke self-ignition engine with turbocharger and Common Rail [ 3 ]
b
25 l 9 100 km -1
Simple
deck
with
44
seats
and
a
fuel
consumption
of
,
i.e.,
9 100 mi -1
40.2 l
or 9.4 mpg (US) and 11.3 mpg (UK) [ 4 ]
c
Mid-range single aisle airplane with two turbofan engines [ 5 ]
d
Small tugboat [ 6 ]
e
Water jet propulsion, speed 30-37 knots, SFC 200-212 g (kWh) -1
, i.e., 2.10-2.23 9 10 -3
oz BTU -1
[ 7 ]
f
Large container ship [ 8 ]
emission data can be related to the pre-defined norms, which generally describe the
''may be proper'' operation, usually measured against the starting phase of the life
cycle. Similar optimal conditions of operation can also be attained after general
inspections and maintenance measures.
Comparison of currently measured data with stored parameters in operation can
lead to the discovery of even smaller deteriorations (see Fig. 1.3 ).
The preconditions for the Self Diagnosis technology are micro sensors of high
quality and durability, and micro controllers of high storage capacity and high
operation speed.
1.3 Legislation Frame Conditions
The European Union Directives 1998/69/EC [ 11 ] and 1999/96/EC [ 12 ] contained
an important and ground breaking formulation, which stated that monitoring is not
only possible for individual components, but also for the composition of the
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